{"incidents":[{"id":"1f057a58-3214-49a4-8bff-6b3ecb8852d4","slug":"tesla-china-recall-2-98m-door-handle-2026-08-21","kind":"recall","headline":"Tesla recalls 2.98 million vehicles in China over emergency door release safety risks, China largest-ever automotive recall","summary":"Tesla will recall approximately 2.98 million imported and China-made Model 3, Model Y, Model S, and Model X vehicles in China starting September 25, 2026, over concerns that emergency door releases could be difficult to open after a serious crash. The recall is China largest automotive recall to date and was ordered by the State Administration for Market Regulation.","occurredAt":"2026-08-21T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":2980000,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"acknowledged","regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T14:06:57.524Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T14:06:57.524Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"79fa3fd8-dd26-4420-a20c-c73158917a5e","slug":"waymo-nhtsa-child-collision-documents-2026-08-21","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Waymo submits redacted documents to NHTSA in child collision probe","summary":"Waymo responded to NHTSA questions as part of the regulator's investigation into a crash in which a robotaxi struck a child at low speed. The responses released so far are heavily redacted.","occurredAt":"2026-08-21T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T18:12:00.300Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T18:12:00.300Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"c474f6d2-4e67-4b0e-aaa3-646b4385cf36","slug":"uber-dutch-dpa-fine-825m-2026-08-21","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Dutch Data Protection Authority fines Uber 825M EUR for automating driver suspensions without adequate disclosure","summary":"The Dutch Data Protection Authority fined Uber 825 million EUR (966 million USD) for using automated systems to deactivate or suspend driver accounts without adequately informing them, a violation of European GDPR data protection law.","occurredAt":"2026-08-21T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"917d99fb-b0df-4611-a0b7-3dcff1ec0cc2","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"fine","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T18:11:57.902Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T18:11:57.902Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"917d99fb-b0df-4611-a0b7-3dcff1ec0cc2","name":"Uber","slug":"uber","description":"Uber Technologies (NYSE: UBER) is a global ride-hailing and delivery platform. Committed $10B+ to autonomous vehicle investments through equity stakes and robotaxi fleet agreements. Partners with Waymo (exploring exit), serves as AV deployment channel in Austin and Atlanta. Exploring split with [Waymo](/companies/waymo) as tensions deepen. Stock down 16% YTD 2026.","status":"public (NYSE:UBER)","founded":2009,"hq":"San Francisco, CA","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:52:47.604Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"uber.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"brain","roles":["robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.uber.com/","title":"Uber","date_accessed":"2026-06-24"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"HQ","value":"San Francisco, CA"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2009"},{"label":"AV investment (2025-2026)","value":"$10B+ committed through equity stakes and robotaxi fleet agreements"},{"label":"Stock performance","value":"Down 16% YTD 2026, fell 4% on Waymo split news (July 2026)"},{"label":"Lobbying position","value":"Pushing 'hybrid networks' — 85% human driver requirement during pilot in NJ. Critics call it 'regulatory capture' to preserve market share."},{"label":"Stock","value":"NYSE: UBER"},{"label":"AV investment","value":"$10B+ committed via equity stakes and fleet agreements"},{"label":"Waymo partnership","value":"Exploring exit — notified independent entry Jan 2028"},{"label":"Founders","value":"Travis Kalanick, Garrett Camp"}],"aliases":["Uber Technologies"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-25T00:29:47.642Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:19:09.347Z"}},{"id":"a8c693d1-215f-45fa-a742-ec4e071a3914","slug":"tesla-nevada-robotaxi-permit-5000-2026-08-20","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Nevada Transportation Authority approves Tesla full Autonomous Vehicle Network Company permit for up to 5,000 robotaxis in Las Vegas","summary":"The Nevada Transportation Authority approved Tesla full Autonomous Vehicle Network Company permit, clearing the way for Tesla to deploy up to 5,000 driverless robotaxis across Clark County over the next 12 months. The approval replaces a previous interim order that had capped the fleet at 10 vehicles. Waymo also received approval for up to 1,000 autonomous vehicles in Nevada.","occurredAt":"2026-08-20T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T14:06:52.046Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T14:06:52.046Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"690dff2e-d5ff-4748-92ff-3db692badfc7","slug":"waymo-nevada-robotaxi-permit-clark-county-2026-08-20","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Nevada Transportation Authority approves Waymo permit for commercial robotaxi service in Clark County","summary":"Nevada regulators approved permits for Waymo, Tesla, and Uber to operate commercial robotaxi services in Clark County, home to Las Vegas. The permits could deploy up to 8,000 robotaxis across the county over 12 months.","occurredAt":"2026-08-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T18:12:05.167Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T18:12:05.167Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"7d21d8b6-f3cb-475b-b979-43621d21cb55","slug":"uber-nevada-robotaxi-permit-clark-county-2026-08-20","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Nevada Transportation Authority approves Uber permit for commercial robotaxi service in Clark County","summary":"Nevada regulators approved permits for Uber, Tesla, and Waymo to operate commercial robotaxi services in Clark County, home to Las Vegas. The permits could deploy up to 8,000 robotaxis across the county over 12 months.","occurredAt":"2026-08-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"917d99fb-b0df-4611-a0b7-3dcff1ec0cc2","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T18:12:02.683Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T18:12:02.683Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"917d99fb-b0df-4611-a0b7-3dcff1ec0cc2","name":"Uber","slug":"uber","description":"Uber Technologies (NYSE: UBER) is a global ride-hailing and delivery platform. Committed $10B+ to autonomous vehicle investments through equity stakes and robotaxi fleet agreements. Partners with Waymo (exploring exit), serves as AV deployment channel in Austin and Atlanta. Exploring split with [Waymo](/companies/waymo) as tensions deepen. Stock down 16% YTD 2026.","status":"public (NYSE:UBER)","founded":2009,"hq":"San Francisco, CA","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:52:47.604Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"uber.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"brain","roles":["robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.uber.com/","title":"Uber","date_accessed":"2026-06-24"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"HQ","value":"San Francisco, CA"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2009"},{"label":"AV investment (2025-2026)","value":"$10B+ committed through equity stakes and robotaxi fleet agreements"},{"label":"Stock performance","value":"Down 16% YTD 2026, fell 4% on Waymo split news (July 2026)"},{"label":"Lobbying position","value":"Pushing 'hybrid networks' — 85% human driver requirement during pilot in NJ. Critics call it 'regulatory capture' to preserve market share."},{"label":"Stock","value":"NYSE: UBER"},{"label":"AV investment","value":"$10B+ committed via equity stakes and fleet agreements"},{"label":"Waymo partnership","value":"Exploring exit — notified independent entry Jan 2028"},{"label":"Founders","value":"Travis Kalanick, Garrett Camp"}],"aliases":["Uber Technologies"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-25T00:29:47.642Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:19:09.347Z"}},{"id":"ba9a50cc-bf31-4813-a7db-37d14697e90e","slug":"amazon-prime-air-richmond-pool-drop-2026-08","kind":"malfunction","headline":"Amazon Prime Air drone drops package into Texas backyard pool","summary":"An Amazon Prime Air drone delivered a package directly into a backyard swimming pool in Richmond, Texas (Houston suburb). Customer Lindsey Austen said she did not intentionally select drone delivery. The package, containing dry cat food and shoe insoles, was soaked but contents were undamaged. Video of the incident went viral on X. Amazon spokesperson said incidents are \"extremely rare\" and the company learns from them to improve the experience.","occurredAt":"2026-08-18T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"989509b8-2112-4a9d-b37a-55d09be1aaa2","deploymentId":"cffd7250-b555-40c7-ae32-8f7544494c64","companyId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-20T23:18:14.558Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"989509b8-2112-4a9d-b37a-55d09be1aaa2","companyId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","modelName":"Prime Air MK30","slug":"amazon-prime-air-mk30","description":"The Amazon Prime Air MK30 is Amazon's current-generation autonomous last-mile delivery drone, recorded in the aerial form factor to fill the registry's delivery-drone coverage (it is the major US delivery drone with the most-documented safety record). Successor to the MK27-2, it is quieter with greater range and heat tolerance, carries onboard sense-and-avoid, and delivers small packages of up to about five pounds to customers' yards across markets including College Station, Texas, Tolleson, Arizona, Waco, Texas, Richardson, Texas, and parts of the UK and Italy. Made by Amazon's Prime Air unit, it is recorded at pilot maturity rather than stable commercial because a pattern of FAA- and NTSB-investigated crashes has driven repeated US operational suspensions, including a January 2025 pause after dual Oregon test crashes and a Phoenix-area pause after an October 2025 double crane-strike. Its predecessor, the MK27, had its own 2021 crash near Pendleton, Oregon, in which a motor failure caused an uncontrolled fall and a lithium-battery fire that ignited acres of wheat stubble, recorded here as lineage rather than a separate entity.","formFactor":"aerial","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"airspace","maturityStage":"pilot","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Maturity = pilot (cap-flag)","value":"MK30 has done limited commercial deliveries in a few US + EU markets, but a pattern of crashes and FAA/NTSB-investigated incidents drove repeated US operational SUSPENSIONS (Jan 2025; Phoenix Oct 2025), so it is recorded at pilot rather than stable commercial. The MK27 predecessor (2021 Pendleton OR motor-failure crash igniting wheat-stubble fire) is recorded as lineage, not a separate entity."},{"label":"Safety record (the editorial point)","value":"Amazon Prime Air owns the best-documented delivery-drone crash record (FAA/NTSB-investigated): dual Oregon MK30 test crashes (Dec 2024, LiDAR misread rain), Tolleson AZ double crane-strike (Oct 2025), Waco TX cable clip (Nov 2025), Richardson TX building strike + grass fire (Feb 2026). See linked incidents."}],"range":"7.5 mi","specs":"Amazon Prime Air MK30: Amazon's current-generation autonomous delivery drone (successor to the MK27-2), quieter and with greater range/heat tolerance, with onboard sense-and-avoid; delivers small packages (up to ~5 lb) to customers' yards. Deployments incl. College Station TX, Tolleson AZ (Phoenix area), Waco TX, Richardson TX, plus UK/Italy. Repeated crash-driven US operational pauses (Jan 2025; Phoenix-area Oct 2025). Made by Amazon (Prime Air). Predecessor MK27 had its own 2021 Pendleton OR crash + field fire (motor failure).","max_speed":"74 mph","formFactor":"aerial (autonomous last-mile delivery drone; sense-and-avoid; repeated crash-driven US operational pauses)","payload_kg":2.26},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/amazon-prime-air-drone-delivery-mk30-design","title":"Amazon Prime Air MK30 delivery drone (quieter, longer range; sense-and-avoid)","sourceName":"Amazon (About Amazon)"},{"url":"https://dronexl.co/2025/05/16/why-amazon-mk30-drones-crashed-sensor-issues-exposed/","title":"Amazon MK30 dual Oregon test crashes (LiDAR misread rain as ground); FAA software fix; US ops paused","sourceName":"DroneXL"},{"url":"https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/amazon-drones-crash-crane-arizona","title":"Amazon MK30 double crane-strike, Tolleson AZ (FAA + NTSB; Phoenix deliveries suspended)","sourceName":"AeroTime"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Prime-Air-Drone-Operations/b?ie=UTF8&node=216862659011","title":"Prime Air Drone Operations","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"}],"aliases":["Amazon Prime Air MK30","Prime Air MK30","MK30","Amazon delivery drone"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Payload","value":"up to ~5 lb"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"autonomous last-mile delivery"},{"label":"Form factor","value":"aerial delivery drone"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"onboard sense-and-avoid"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-04T21:33:25.634Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:40.920Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"cffd7250-b555-40c7-ae32-8f7544494c64","modelId":"133236da-e15e-4d05-abe1-6fde4cde82bc","versionId":null,"locationId":"4530cade-f871-4406-9adc-fdb6e7bae98e","operatorId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","ownerId":null,"slug":"amazon-astro-honest-absence","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["autonomous_operation"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"urban","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/","title":"Amazon","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"Amazon Astro home robot: honest-absence on commercial deployment. Released as Day 1 Editions invite-only in 2022; no broad commercial launch confirmed as of 2026. Limited employee/beta deployments only.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Limited employee/beta deployments only"},{"label":"Start","value":"Released as Day 1 Editions invite-only in 2022"},{"label":"Status","value":"No broad commercial launch confirmed as of 2026"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Amazon Astro smart home robot"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"research","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T23:03:26.172Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:33.993Z"},"company":{"id":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","name":"Amazon","slug":"amazon","description":"Amazon is the largest deployer of physical-AI robotics in the world by fleet count, with more than 1 million robots deployed across its global fulfillment network as of mid-2025, a count that continues to climb in 2026. The robot-to-human ratio across Amazon's operations is approaching 1:1, with roughly 1.5 million human employees. Amazon's physical-AI strategy is structurally vertically integrated: the company manufactures its own robotics platforms through Amazon Robotics (the subsidiary formed from the 2012 acquisition of Kiva Systems), operates autonomous vehicle robotaxi service through Zoox (acquired 2020), pilots external humanoids including [Agility robotics](/companies/agility-robotics) Digit, and acquired the Covariant founding team in August 2024 to accelerate AI deployment across robotics. The company's next-generation Shreveport, Louisiana fulfillment center deploys 10× more robots than a standard facility and serves as the orchestration testbed for Amazon's full robotics platform stack.\n\nAmazon's editorial significance is structural vertical integration unmatched by any other operator in physical AI. While most operators evaluate humanoids from external vendors (GXO, BMW, Toyota), and while most robot makers depend on external customer deployments (Figure, Agility, Apptronik), Amazon owns the entire stack: manufactures its own platforms, operates its own deployments, develops its own AI through Covariant talent, and runs its own autonomous-vehicle service. This puts Amazon in a category by itself among physical-AI operators globally.","status":"NASDAQ: AMZN","founded":1994,"hq":"Seattle, Washington, USA","hqLat":47.6038321,"hqLng":-122.330062,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:19:17.624Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"amazon.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","data_center_operator","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/","label":"About Amazon — Amazon Robotics fulfillment center coverage"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/","label":"TechCrunch — next-generation fulfillment center coverage"},{"url":"https://www.automate.org/","label":"Automate.org — Amazon Robotics surpasses one million systems deployed"},{"url":"https://www.awsinsider.net/","label":"AWS Insider — The Rise of Amazon AI Robots"},{"url":"https://jacobin.com/","label":"Jacobin — A Sober Look at Amazon's Automation Drive"},{"url":"https://www.thescxchange.com/","label":"Supply Chain Exchange — Shreveport DC coverage"},{"url":"https://metaintro.com/","label":"Metaintro — Amazon's 1 Million Robots (Fast Company investigation context)"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions","title":"Amazon introduces new fulfillment robotics (Sequoia, Proteus) (official)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2025/amazons-robot-workforce-hits-1-million-heres-what-they-all-do/","title":"Amazon tops 1 million robots; overview of its robot fleet (2025)","sourceName":"GeekWire"},{"url":"https://www.mmh.com/article/amazon_tests_its_sequoia_system_and_agility_robotics_digit_for_fulfillment","title":"Amazon tests its Sequoia system and Agility Robotics' Digit for fulfillment","sourceName":"Modern Materials Handling"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet scale","value":"1M+ robots globally (mid-2025), continuing growth in 2026"},{"label":"Workforce ratio","value":"~1:1 robot-to-human (1.5M human employees)"},{"label":"Foundational acquisition","value":"Kiva Systems (2012, became Amazon Robotics)"},{"label":"Internal platforms","value":"Proteus (autonomous mobile, navigates with humans), Hercules + Titan (heavy AMRs), Pegasus, Sparrow (picking arm), Robin + Cardinal (sorting/loading arms), Sequoia (containerized inventory system), Vulcan (touch-sensing arm), Blue Jay (ceiling-mounted), Project Eluna (AI decision-support), DeepFleet (generative AI for fleet coordination)"},{"label":"Next-generation fulfillment center","value":"Shreveport, Louisiana, 3M sq ft, 5 floors, 10× standard robot density, Sequoia holds 30M+ items (5× original Houston deployment)"},{"label":"External humanoid pilots","value":"Agility Robotics Digit (tote handling, recycling bin transport)"},{"label":"Autonomous vehicle subsidiary","value":"Zoox (acquired 2020; testing robotaxi in Los Angeles; see /companies/zoox)"},{"label":"Covariant founders acquisition","value":"August 2024, Pieter Abbeel, Peter Chen, Rocky Duan brought in for AI deployment"},{"label":"Investment program","value":"$15B+ robot warehouse push announced"},{"label":"Workforce signal","value":"Cut 100+ robotics division staff in March 2026 even as automation spending accelerates"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"label":"Project Kuiper","value":"Satellite network with direct-to-mobile phone capability — competing with SpaceX Starlink"}],"aliases":["Amazon","Amazon.com","AMZN","Amazon Robotics","Amazon.com Inc","Amazon Prime Air","Amazon Zoox","Amazon Kiva"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-28T03:07:21.566Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:22:40.053Z"}},{"id":"3814dfc0-6fc9-447d-8f24-bbe5907d7c29","slug":"cnsa-long-march-7a-failure-2026-08","kind":"malfunction","headline":"Long March 7A rocket fails during ChinaSat-4B satellite launch from Wenchang","summary":"A Long March 7A rocket carrying the ChinaSat-4B satellite failed after an in-flight anomaly following liftoff from the Wenchang space launch site in Hainan on August 10, 2026. The rocket was completely destroyed at relatively low altitude and speed, meaning neither the satellite nor debris reached orbit. This was the Long March 7A's first failure since its maiden flight in March 2020.","occurredAt":"2026-08-10T12:02:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"1a24b3cb-7d0c-4941-8fe0-fd386afbd950","deploymentId":"a37ffd08-fb0b-4d76-9727-430daf8eca34","companyId":"1a9f61ca-2bc9-45ff-97dd-7dd20174aaa2","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"CNSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-16T05:07:51.963Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"1a24b3cb-7d0c-4941-8fe0-fd386afbd950","companyId":"1a9f61ca-2bc9-45ff-97dd-7dd20174aaa2","modelName":"Chang'e Lander","slug":"change-lander","description":"Robotic lunar landers using multi-beam obstacle-avoidance LiDAR and autonomous hazard-avoidance hover/descent (Chang'e 3 onward).","formFactor":"space","industryVertical":"space","environment":"space","maturityStage":"production","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"role":"lunar lander / sample return","autonomy":"autonomous final descent + onboard hazard avoidance","weight_kg":120},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6","title":"Chang'e Lander","sourceName":"primary/credible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_3","title":"Chang'e lunar landers","sourceName":"Wikipedia"},{"url":"https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/chang-e-3","title":"Chang'e-3","sourceName":"EO Portal"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":"reverified 2026-06-09 (Kimi-incident remediation): cited primary source resolves and matches manufacturer/reputable domain; relevance adjudicated.","manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Type","value":"Chang'e lunar lander"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-05T23:21:33.955Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-15T13:23:19.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"a37ffd08-fb0b-4d76-9727-430daf8eca34","modelId":"d19fa236-a9ff-4410-8a6a-90e3340bf73a","versionId":null,"locationId":"f1197527-6621-41c7-95a4-b34f80e2d112","operatorId":"1a9f61ca-2bc9-45ff-97dd-7dd20174aaa2","ownerId":null,"slug":"yutu-2-moon-von-karman","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2019-01-03T12:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["autonomous_operation"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"facility","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"mixed","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu-2","title":"Yutu-2","sourceName":"primary/credible"},{"url":"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/change-4","title":"Chang'e 4 / Yutu-2 (Planetary Society)","sourceName":"The Planetary Society"}],"notes":"The Yutu-2 rover operates on the far side of the Moon within the Von Karman crater in the South Pole-Aitken basin as part of the Chang'e 4 mission. It is the longest-lived lunar rover, having traversed over 1.6 km and remaining mobile as of 2025 under ground command.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Mission","value":"Chang'e 4 (far-side)"},{"label":"Site","value":"Von Karman crater, South Pole-Aitken basin"},{"label":"Status","value":"Longest-lived lunar rover; 1.6+ km traversed, still mobile as of 2025; ground-commanded"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"research","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-06T00:40:05.898Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:02.705Z"},"company":{"id":"1a9f61ca-2bc9-45ff-97dd-7dd20174aaa2","name":"China National Space Administration","slug":"cnsa","description":"The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is China's civilian space agency, established in 1993. CNSA oversees the nation's lunar exploration program (Chang'e), interplanetary missions (Tianwen), the Tiangong space station, and satellite fleet. Notable achievements include the first far-side Moon landing (Chang'e 4), far-side sample return (Chang'e 6), and Mars rover deployment (Zhurong via Tianwen-1).","status":"active","founded":1993,"hq":"Beijing, China","hqLat":39.9057136,"hqLng":116.3912972,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:24:31.658Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":null,"fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration","title":"China National Space Administration","sourceName":"primary/credible"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Focus","value":"China's national space agency"},{"label":"Robot","value":"Yutu lunar rovers and Zhurong Mars rover"},{"label":"Missions","value":"Chang'e lunar program, Zhurong Mars rover, Yutu-2 lunar rover"},{"label":"Notable","value":"First farside lunar landing (Chang'e-4, 2019)"},{"label":"Yutu-2 status","value":"Active on Moon far side after 7+ years"},{"label":"Administrator","value":"Shan Zhongde"},{"label":"Budget","value":"US$18.15 billion (2023)"},{"label":"Type","value":"Government space agency"},{"label":"Jurisdiction","value":"State Council of the PRC"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-05T23:21:31.833Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:19:52.935Z"}},{"id":"13ce3780-3098-49be-b9a4-61ffbfc4a31f","slug":"kraken-k3-scout-chinese-camera-spying-2026-08","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Chinese-made camera components on K3 Scout USVs found transmitting data to Chinese IP address","summary":"Cameras aboard Kraken K3 Scout USVs used by the Royal Marines were found transmitting heartbeat communications to an IP address in China. The cameras contained Chinese-made components sourced via a third party. The MoD removed all internet connectivity from the cameras after discovering the breach during a routine cyber vulnerability assessment. Kraken and the Royal Navy conducted a full audit and stated no sensitive information was shared outside intended channels.","occurredAt":"2026-08-09T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"unreviewed","modelId":"13a15227-7d42-473f-a777-8e53069a6a08","deploymentId":null,"companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"UK Ministry of Defence","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-24T09:05:55.282Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T09:05:55.282Z","model":{"id":"13a15227-7d42-473f-a777-8e53069a6a08","companyId":"f3989923-00fd-4b11-8820-a449b0e7e553","modelName":"K3 SCOUT","slug":"k3-scout","description":"8.4-meter modular uncrewed surface vessel (USV) capable of speeds up to 55 knots with a range of 650 nautical miles, designed with Modular Open Systems Architecture (MOSA) for configurable payloads up to 600 kg. Powered by [Auterion](https://registry.deploy.report/companies/auterion) OS and manufactured in series production at [Rheinmetall](https://registry.deploy.report/companies/rheinmetall) Kraken GmbH in Hamburg. The K3 SCOUT has been ordered by the Royal Navy (20 vessels under Project Beehive, £12.3M contract) and the US Special Operations Command ($49M OTA), and participated in NATO Baltic trials (BALTOPS 2026). In August 2026, a K3 SCOUT accomplished the world's first USV airdrop from an A400M aircraft at 1,300 feet via Capewell's UMCADS system.","formFactor":"maritime","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"production","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://thedefensepost.com/2026/04/21/rheinmetall-k3-scout-unmanned-vessel/","label":"Rheinmetall, Kraken Move K3 Scout Unmanned Vessel Into Serial Production","title":"Rheinmetall, Kraken Move K3 Scout Unmanned Vessel Into Serial Production","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"The Defense Post"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Length","value":"8.4 m"},{"label":"Max speed","value":"55 knots (25 knots at 650 nm range)"},{"label":"Max range","value":"650 nautical miles"},{"label":"Payload","value":"600 kg modular"},{"label":"Endurance","value":"Up to 30 days at sea"},{"label":"Max displacement","value":"2,500 kg"},{"label":"Power","value":"High-performance diesel power trains"},{"label":"Operator systems","value":"Auterion OS"},{"label":"Manufacturer","value":"Rheinmetall Kraken GmbH (Hamburg)"},{"label":"Royal Navy order","value":"20 vessels, £12.3M (Project Beehive, March 2026)"},{"label":"USSOCOM contract","value":"$49M OTA (November 2025)"},{"label":"First USV airdrop","value":"August 2026 via Capewell UMCADS from A400M"}],"createdAt":"2026-08-24T09:05:37.519Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-24T21:40:53.195Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":null,"company":null},{"id":"daea2e23-41a1-4154-b484-ea3670f8c706","slug":"neura-4ne-1-computex-stage-collapse-2026-08-01","kind":"malfunction","headline":"NEURA Robotics 4NE-1 humanoid collapsed on stage during Qualcomm keynote at Computex 2026 in Taipei","summary":"A NEURA Robotics 4NE-1 humanoid robot collapsed backward on stage during Qualcomm's Computex 2026 keynote in Taipei, moments after handing a Dragonwing IQ10 demonstration board to a presenter. Qualcomm attributed the fall to a brief communication loss that triggered the robot's controlled shutdown and safe-fall protocol. No injuries were reported; stagehands cloaked and removed the robot.","occurredAt":"2026-08-01T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"74a0faa2-3a46-4aa0-aa7f-d593755868ac","deploymentId":"4180b825-a51a-4776-ad54-3a59b127b3d1","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-02T15:12:29.023Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"74a0faa2-3a46-4aa0-aa7f-d593755868ac","companyId":"2c1f5c0e-b6f4-4b38-8764-66831bb4a1bd","modelName":"4NE-1","slug":"neura-4ne-1","description":"Cognitive humanoid robot from NEURA Robotics, designed for industrial and service applications. It is a humanoid robot designed for physical AI applications. Key specifications include Height: 180 cm, Payload: 100 kg, AI system: NVIDIA Isaac GR00T, Drive type: bipedal, Production target: late 2026.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"pilot","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"ai_system":"NVIDIA Isaac GR00T","height_cm":180,"weight_kg":"80","drive_mode":"bipedal","payload_kg":100,"payload_carry_kg":"15","lift_capacity_kg_stated":100},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://neura-robotics.com/products/4ne1/","label":"NEURA — 4NE1 humanoid","title":"NEURA — 4NE1 humanoid","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"NEURA Robotics","publishedAt":"2026-01-07"},{"url":"https://humanoid.guide/product/4ne-1/","label":"Humanoid.guide — 4NE-1 specs","title":"Humanoid.guide — 4NE-1 specs","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Humanoid.guide","publishedAt":"2026-01-07"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/neura-robotics-launches-latest-cognitive-robots-neuraverse-ecosystem/","title":"NEURA Robotics launches 3rd-gen 4NE-1, MiPA, and the Neuraverse ecosystem at Automatica 2025","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/10/neura-robotics-funding-ai-humanoid-robots.html","label":"Humanoid robotics company Neura Robotics backed by Nvidia, Amazon in $1.4B raise","title":"Humanoid robotics company Neura Robotics backed by Nvidia, Amazon in $1.4B raise","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2026-06-10"}],"aliases":["4NE-1","4NE1"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"180 cm"},{"label":"Payload","value":"100 kg"},{"label":"AI system","value":"NVIDIA Isaac GR00T"},{"label":"Drive type","value":"bipedal"},{"label":"Production target","value":"late 2026"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T19:13:27.447Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-19T08:00:30.948Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"4180b825-a51a-4776-ad54-3a59b127b3d1","modelId":"74a0faa2-3a46-4aa0-aa7f-d593755868ac","versionId":null,"locationId":"f0485661-ca7b-43dd-91cf-885a281e2cb7","operatorId":"2c1f5c0e-b6f4-4b38-8764-66831bb4a1bd","ownerId":null,"slug":"neura-4ne1-schaeffler","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-11-04T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["manipulation"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"factory","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"large_100_plus","siteEnvironment":"mixed","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://neura-robotics.com/neura-robotics-schaeffler-technology-partnership/","name":"NEURA Robotics","title":"Schaeffler and NEURA Robotics Strengthen Germany's Position"}],"notes":"Schaeffler and NEURA Robotics announced technology partnership. Schaeffler to deploy \"mid-four-digit number\" (thousands) of 4NE-1 humanoids across global production network by 2035.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"manufacturing","scaleTier":"mass_100_999","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-12T23:08:05.728Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:21:58.371Z"},"company":null},{"id":"fd256997-8c0f-40bb-aa7b-0f19d56ad8a0","slug":"tesla-nhtsa-suspension-probe-1-2m-2026-07-31","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA opens probe into 1.2 million Tesla Model 3 and Model Y vehicles over front suspension failures","summary":"NHTSA opened a preliminary investigation covering approximately 1.2 million Tesla Model 3 and Model Y vehicles after 156 complaints of front suspension links detaching, often without warning. The probe assesses the scope and safety consequences of the alleged suspension failures.","occurredAt":"2026-07-31T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-01T09:03:23.231Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"f7fb92ea-c254-44e2-8a06-1a2615eebff2","slug":"nhtsa-zoox-temporary-exemption-2500-robotaxis-2026-07-30","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA grants Zoox temporary exemption to commercially deploy up to 2,500 robotaxis annually","summary":"NHTSA announced a temporary exemption allowing Zoox to commercially deploy up to 2,500 robotaxis annually for two years, subject to enhanced adaptable oversight. The exemption is part of a broader DOT initiative to accelerate AV innovation, including first-ever AV performance standards via SAE ITC partnership and streamlined exemption programs.","occurredAt":"2026-07-30T04:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-05T00:28:58.453Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"d41ece2a-5f3a-46c7-920a-19729586dd5c","slug":"zoox-commercial-deployment-exemption-2026-07-30","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA grants Zoox temporary commercial deployment exemption for up to 2,500 robotaxis annually for two years","summary":"NHTSA announced a temporary exemption allowing Zoox to commercially deploy up to 2,500 robotaxis annually for two years, subject to an enhanced adaptable oversight structure. The action was part of a broader NHTSA package accelerating AV performance standards, streamlining testing exemptions, and updating federal AV safety guidance for the first time since 2017.","occurredAt":"2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-30T14:06:44.045Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). 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Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"35ad7167-2146-4d6e-8b38-2504af94e0b9","slug":"nhtsa-sae-itc-av-performance-standards-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA launches $5M SAE ITC partnership to develop first-ever AV performance standards and updates AV technical guidance","summary":"On July 30, 2026, NHTSA announced a $5 million partnership with SAE Industry Technologies Consortia to gather data and accelerate creation of the world's first AV performance standards meeting the Vehicle Safety Act's objectivity requirements. The agency also updated its AV technical guidance for the first time since 2017 and established a new federal docket for public feedback on safe AV development and deployment guidance.","occurredAt":"2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-13T14:08:13.843Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"20b9b6d4-23d4-4d59-9a8e-19d46bf4d0e0","slug":"zoox-nhtsa-commercial-exemption-2026-07-30","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA grants Zoox first-ever commercial FMVSS exemption for purpose-built robotaxi","summary":"NHTSA granted Zoox a temporary exemption from eight Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, allowing the Amazon-owned company to charge customers for rides in its custom-built driverless robotaxi. The exemption caps the fleet at 2,500 vehicles annually for two years and includes enhanced oversight. Zoox plans to begin paid service first in Las Vegas.","occurredAt":"2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-02T21:15:28.338Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"51e3ac69-45bd-441a-b572-cd3858dd3e60","slug":"zoox-nhtsa-paid-robotaxi-exemption-2026-07-30","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Zoox clears final federal hurdle, receives NHTSA exemption to launch paid robotaxi service","summary":"Federal safety regulators granted Zoox a temporary exemption allowing the Amazon-owned company to charge customers for rides in its custom-built, steering-wheel-free robotaxi. Zoox becomes the first US company approved for paid robotaxi rides without human controls, initially in Las Vegas.","occurredAt":"2026-07-30T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-01T09:03:28.113Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"1d911c70-8108-4e45-b144-4d0345aa0841","slug":"faa-doordash-part135-air-carrier-certification-2026-07-29","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FAA grants DoorDash Part 135 air carrier certification for DoorDash Air drone delivery","summary":"DoorDash received Part 135 air carrier certification from the FAA, authorizing it to operate a commercial drone delivery service in the United States. The company unveiled DoorDash Air, an in-house drone delivery program with custom-built aircraft designed by DoorDash Labs.","occurredAt":"2026-07-29T13:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"b72f3d40-6e6c-456e-9973-ea31b37c69de","deploymentId":"84ab0ae2-f26a-4e8a-964f-7933d5848848","companyId":"1bcf17bd-37a2-4c11-a7ac-4493410a69d2","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-04T12:40:33.006Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T04:49:44.945Z","model":{"id":"b72f3d40-6e6c-456e-9973-ea31b37c69de","companyId":"1bcf17bd-37a2-4c11-a7ac-4493410a69d2","modelName":"Dot","slug":"doordash-dot","description":"DoorDash's first commercial autonomous delivery robot, built in-house by DoorDash Labs. Designed to navigate bike lanes, roads, sidewalks, and driveways for last-mile local delivery. All-electric, compact form factor. Launched in Phoenix metro area with expansion to Fremont, CA.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"pilot","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form Factor","value":"sidewalk"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"}],"createdAt":"2026-08-18T21:53:39.754Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T18:09:24.184Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"84ab0ae2-f26a-4e8a-964f-7933d5848848","modelId":"b72f3d40-6e6c-456e-9973-ea31b37c69de","versionId":null,"locationId":"07bb3fd5-168c-46fa-a6c3-fb5a9f00d0c2","operatorId":"1bcf17bd-37a2-4c11-a7ac-4493410a69d2","ownerId":null,"slug":"doordash-dot-phoenix-arizona-usa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2026-07-15T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":10,"siteType":"sidewalk","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":4,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[],"notes":"DoorDash Dot autonomous delivery robot commercial deployment in greater Phoenix metro area. First commercial deployment of DoorDash's in-house built delivery robot. Navigates bike lanes, roads, sidewalks, and driveways.","keyFacts":["Launch=Phoenix metro area (commercial)","Capabilities=Bike lanes, roads, sidewalks, driveways","Platform=DoorDash Autonomous Delivery Platform"],"reviewNote":"Bulk approved — pre-existing deployment record","exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-18T21:55:39.074Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:22:40.444Z"},"company":{"id":"1bcf17bd-37a2-4c11-a7ac-4493410a69d2","name":"DoorDash","slug":"doordash","description":"DoorDash (NYSE: DASH) is an on-demand local delivery marketplace founded in 2013 and headquartered in San Francisco. Its autonomous arm, DoorDash Labs, develops last-mile delivery robotics. In September 2025 DoorDash unveiled Dot, an in-house autonomous delivery robot that operates across bike lanes, roads, and sidewalks, with early-access testing in the Phoenix metro area. DoorDash also works with third-party robotics operators, including a 2025 agreement to use [Serve robotics](/companies/serve-robotics) sidewalk robots for deliveries in Los Angeles.","status":"active","founded":2013,"hq":"San Francisco, California","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:27:07.081Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"doordash.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://doordash.com","label":"DoorDash","title":"DoorDash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"DoorDash"},{"url":"https://ir.doordash.com/news/news-details/2025/DoorDash-Unveils-Dot-the-Delivery-Robot-Powered-by-its-Autonomous-Delivery-Platform-to-Accelerate-Local-Commerce/default.aspx","label":"DoorDash Unveils Dot, the Delivery Robot Powered by its Autonomous Delivery Platform","title":"DoorDash Unveils Dot, the Delivery Robot Powered by its Autonomous Delivery Platform","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"DoorDash Investor Relations","publishedAt":"2025-09-30"},{"url":"https://about.doordash.com/en-us/dot","label":"Dot | DoorDash","title":"Dot | DoorDash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"DoorDash"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/30/doordash-unveils-dot-its-autonomous-robot-built-to-deliver-your-food/","label":"DoorDash unveils Dot, its autonomous robot built to deliver your food","title":"DoorDash unveils Dot, its autonomous robot built to deliver your food","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-09-30"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/09/doordash-to-use-serve-robotics-sidewalk-robots-for-deliveries-in-los-angeles/","label":"DoorDash to use Serve Robotics' sidewalk robots for deliveries in Los Angeles","title":"DoorDash to use Serve Robotics' sidewalk robots for deliveries in Los Angeles","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-10-09"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Ticker","value":"NYSE: DASH"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2013"},{"label":"HQ","value":"San Francisco, California"},{"label":"Autonomous arm","value":"DoorDash Labs (in-house last-mile robotics)"},{"label":"In-house robot","value":"Dot: autonomous delivery robot unveiled Sept 30, 2025; operates on bike lanes, roads, and sidewalks"},{"label":"Dot specs (per DoorDash)","value":"~350 lb, ~5 ft tall, up to 20 mph, 30 lb / six-pizza payload, 6+ hr battery"},{"label":"Robot early access","value":"Phoenix metro area (2025)"},{"label":"Third-party robotics","value":"2025 agreement to use Serve Robotics sidewalk robots in Los Angeles"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"DASH","stockExchange":"NYSE","secCik":"0001792789","revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-10T15:53:32.359Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:24:25.566Z"}},{"id":"8d717df1-56f9-4e79-8256-2699523b6e8b","slug":"amazon-prime-air-darlington-garden-crash-2026-07","kind":"collision","headline":"Amazon Prime Air MK30 drone crashes into residential garden in Darlington, UK, prompting AAIB investigation","summary":"An Amazon Prime Air MK30 delivery drone crashed into a residential garden in Beaumont Hill, Darlington, County Durham, while on a delivery run. The drone reportedly struck an object extending above the roof of a moving vehicle before descending. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) launched an investigation. This is the seventh documented off-nominal landing or collision in the MK30 commercial service history and the first in the UK, where Amazon launched its first drone delivery service in May 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-29T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"2bc0589b-e2e8-41bf-b8b7-4bdfee4933c1","deploymentId":"cffd7250-b555-40c7-ae32-8f7544494c64","companyId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-18T03:58:25.797Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"2bc0589b-e2e8-41bf-b8b7-4bdfee4933c1","companyId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","modelName":"Amazon Robotics fleet","slug":"amazon-robotics-fleet","description":"Amazon Robotics operates the world's largest deployed fleet of warehouse mobile robots, originating from Amazon's 2012 acquisition of Kiva Systems for $775 million. The registry records it at commercial maturity as an internal deployment: Amazon stated it had deployed its 1 millionth robot in 2025 (corroborated by CNBC), spanning more than 300 facilities and coordinated by the DeepFleet AI foundation model. Its product lines include the Hercules, Pegasus, and Xanthus drive units, Proteus (its first fully autonomous mobile robot, 2022), the heavy-lift Titan (2023), the Sequoia containerized storage system (2023), the Sparrow, Cardinal, and Robin robotic arms, and Vulcan (2025). Critically, these robots are deployed in Amazon's own fulfillment network rather than sold to external customers, so the maturity reflects commercial-scale internal operation (distinct from vendors such as MiR or Locus). The 1M+ figure is Amazon-stated and independently corroborated; trials of Agility's Digit humanoid are claimed, not commercial.","formFactor":"amr","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"warehouse","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Verified","value":"Amazon Robotics (originated from the 2012 $775M Kiva Systems acquisition) operates the world's largest deployed mobile-robot fleet: Amazon stated it deployed its 1 millionth robot (2025), corroborated by CNBC, spanning 300+ facilities, coordinated by the DeepFleet AI foundation model (~10% travel-time improvement, Amazon-stated). Product lines: Hercules/Pegasus/Xanthus drive units, Proteus (first fully autonomous, 2022), Titan (heavy-lift, 2023), Sequoia (storage, 2023), Sparrow/Cardinal/Robin arms, Vulcan (2025)."},{"label":"Internal deployment","value":"These robots are deployed in Amazon's own fulfillment network, not sold externally - maturity=commercial reflects commercial-SCALE internal operation (distinct from vendors like MiR/Locus that sell to customers). Digit (Agility) is in trials only (claimed, not commercial)."},{"label":"Scale tiering","value":"1M+ robots = Amazon-stated, CNBC-corroborated. '300+ facilities' is Amazon's own figure (prefer over secondary '1,200' numbers)."}],"deployment":"INTERNAL (Amazon operates these in its own fulfillment network; not sold to external customers)","formFactor":"amr (warehouse mobile-robot fleet + arms: Hercules, Proteus, Titan, Sequoia, Sparrow, etc.)"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-million-robots-ai-foundation-model","title":"Amazon deploys 1 millionth robot; DeepFleet AI foundation model (300+ facilities)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-robotics-robots-fulfillment-center","title":"Amazon Robotics fleet overview (Hercules, Pegasus, Proteus, Sparrow, Cardinal, Robin, Sequoia)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-hercules-robot","title":"Amazon Hercules drive unit (slides under pods, lifts ~1,250 lb; since 2017)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-unveils-titan-fulfillment-center-robot","title":"Amazon Titan robot (heavy-lift ~2,500 lb)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/amazon-acquires-kiva-systems-for-775-million","title":"Amazon acquires Kiva Systems for $775M (2012; became Amazon Robotics)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/02/amazon-deploys-its-1-millionth-robot-in-a-sign-of-more-job-automation.html","title":"Amazon deploys 1 millionth robot (independent confirmation + DeepFleet)","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Amazon Proteus","Amazon Hercules","Amazon Sequoia"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet size","value":"1 million+ robots"},{"label":"Facilities","value":"300+ facilities"},{"label":"Acquisition cost","value":"$775 million (Kiva Systems, 2012)"},{"label":"Coordination system","value":"DeepFleet AI foundation model"},{"label":"Travel-time improvement","value":"~10% (Amazon-stated)"},{"label":"Deployment","value":"Internal (Amazon fulfillment network, not sold externally)"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T17:25:11.477Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.136Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"cffd7250-b555-40c7-ae32-8f7544494c64","modelId":"133236da-e15e-4d05-abe1-6fde4cde82bc","versionId":null,"locationId":"4530cade-f871-4406-9adc-fdb6e7bae98e","operatorId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","ownerId":null,"slug":"amazon-astro-honest-absence","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["autonomous_operation"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"urban","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/","title":"Amazon","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"Amazon Astro home robot: honest-absence on commercial deployment. Released as Day 1 Editions invite-only in 2022; no broad commercial launch confirmed as of 2026. Limited employee/beta deployments only.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Limited employee/beta deployments only"},{"label":"Start","value":"Released as Day 1 Editions invite-only in 2022"},{"label":"Status","value":"No broad commercial launch confirmed as of 2026"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Amazon Astro smart home robot"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"research","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T23:03:26.172Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:33.993Z"},"company":{"id":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","name":"Amazon","slug":"amazon","description":"Amazon is the largest deployer of physical-AI robotics in the world by fleet count, with more than 1 million robots deployed across its global fulfillment network as of mid-2025, a count that continues to climb in 2026. The robot-to-human ratio across Amazon's operations is approaching 1:1, with roughly 1.5 million human employees. Amazon's physical-AI strategy is structurally vertically integrated: the company manufactures its own robotics platforms through Amazon Robotics (the subsidiary formed from the 2012 acquisition of Kiva Systems), operates autonomous vehicle robotaxi service through Zoox (acquired 2020), pilots external humanoids including [Agility robotics](/companies/agility-robotics) Digit, and acquired the Covariant founding team in August 2024 to accelerate AI deployment across robotics. The company's next-generation Shreveport, Louisiana fulfillment center deploys 10× more robots than a standard facility and serves as the orchestration testbed for Amazon's full robotics platform stack.\n\nAmazon's editorial significance is structural vertical integration unmatched by any other operator in physical AI. While most operators evaluate humanoids from external vendors (GXO, BMW, Toyota), and while most robot makers depend on external customer deployments (Figure, Agility, Apptronik), Amazon owns the entire stack: manufactures its own platforms, operates its own deployments, develops its own AI through Covariant talent, and runs its own autonomous-vehicle service. This puts Amazon in a category by itself among physical-AI operators globally.","status":"NASDAQ: AMZN","founded":1994,"hq":"Seattle, Washington, USA","hqLat":47.6038321,"hqLng":-122.330062,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:19:17.624Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"amazon.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","data_center_operator","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/","label":"About Amazon — Amazon Robotics fulfillment center coverage"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/","label":"TechCrunch — next-generation fulfillment center coverage"},{"url":"https://www.automate.org/","label":"Automate.org — Amazon Robotics surpasses one million systems deployed"},{"url":"https://www.awsinsider.net/","label":"AWS Insider — The Rise of Amazon AI Robots"},{"url":"https://jacobin.com/","label":"Jacobin — A Sober Look at Amazon's Automation Drive"},{"url":"https://www.thescxchange.com/","label":"Supply Chain Exchange — Shreveport DC coverage"},{"url":"https://metaintro.com/","label":"Metaintro — Amazon's 1 Million Robots (Fast Company investigation context)"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions","title":"Amazon introduces new fulfillment robotics (Sequoia, Proteus) (official)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2025/amazons-robot-workforce-hits-1-million-heres-what-they-all-do/","title":"Amazon tops 1 million robots; overview of its robot fleet (2025)","sourceName":"GeekWire"},{"url":"https://www.mmh.com/article/amazon_tests_its_sequoia_system_and_agility_robotics_digit_for_fulfillment","title":"Amazon tests its Sequoia system and Agility Robotics' Digit for fulfillment","sourceName":"Modern Materials Handling"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet scale","value":"1M+ robots globally (mid-2025), continuing growth in 2026"},{"label":"Workforce ratio","value":"~1:1 robot-to-human (1.5M human employees)"},{"label":"Foundational acquisition","value":"Kiva Systems (2012, became Amazon Robotics)"},{"label":"Internal platforms","value":"Proteus (autonomous mobile, navigates with humans), Hercules + Titan (heavy AMRs), Pegasus, Sparrow (picking arm), Robin + Cardinal (sorting/loading arms), Sequoia (containerized inventory system), Vulcan (touch-sensing arm), Blue Jay (ceiling-mounted), Project Eluna (AI decision-support), DeepFleet (generative AI for fleet coordination)"},{"label":"Next-generation fulfillment center","value":"Shreveport, Louisiana, 3M sq ft, 5 floors, 10× standard robot density, Sequoia holds 30M+ items (5× original Houston deployment)"},{"label":"External humanoid pilots","value":"Agility Robotics Digit (tote handling, recycling bin transport)"},{"label":"Autonomous vehicle subsidiary","value":"Zoox (acquired 2020; testing robotaxi in Los Angeles; see /companies/zoox)"},{"label":"Covariant founders acquisition","value":"August 2024, Pieter Abbeel, Peter Chen, Rocky Duan brought in for AI deployment"},{"label":"Investment program","value":"$15B+ robot warehouse push announced"},{"label":"Workforce signal","value":"Cut 100+ robotics division staff in March 2026 even as automation spending accelerates"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"label":"Project Kuiper","value":"Satellite network with direct-to-mobile phone capability — competing with SpaceX Starlink"}],"aliases":["Amazon","Amazon.com","AMZN","Amazon Robotics","Amazon.com Inc","Amazon Prime Air","Amazon Zoox","Amazon Kiva"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-28T03:07:21.566Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:22:40.053Z"}},{"id":"d6bf2ac4-4c35-4501-aae3-91962a93f5f9","slug":"fcc-foreign-robot-import-ban-2026-07-29","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FCC effectively bans new foreign-made advanced robotic devices citing national security risks, primarily targeting Chinese manufacturers like Unitree","summary":"The FCC on July 29, 2026 effectively shut the door on new foreign-made advanced robotic devices including humanoids, quadrupeds, and some robot vacuums, citing unacceptable risks to national security. Previously authorized models remain unaffected, but manufacturers can apply for conditional approval. The ban primarily impacts Chinese manufacturers like Unitree, whose affordable platforms (quadrupeds from USD 3K, humanoids from USD 6K) are widely used by American startups and university researchers. The move splits the US robotics industry: domestic manufacturers welcome protection from subsidized Chinese rivals, while startups warn losing access to affordable hardware could leave the US further behind in a humanoid market China dominates (approximately 90 percent of global humanoid shipments in 2025 per Omdia).","occurredAt":"2026-07-29T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"d24fab5d-780d-49ae-9feb-3bbecc3ee958","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"suspension","regulatoryBody":"FCC","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-31T21:19:29.692Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"d24fab5d-780d-49ae-9feb-3bbecc3ee958","name":"Unitree Robotics","slug":"unitree","description":"Hangzhou, China-based robotics company developing quadruped and [Humanoid](/companies/humanoid-ai) robots. Founded by Xingxing Wang (CEO), Unitree has raised 52M over 6 rounds including a Series C at a .7B valuation. The company shipped 5,500+ humanoid robots and 30,000+ quadruped robots in 2025, and cleared IPO review on the Shanghai STAR Market seeking 00M at a .2B valuation. Products include the Go2 quadruped, H1/G1 humanoid robots.","status":"private","founded":0,"hq":"Hangzhou, China","hqLat":30.2489634,"hqLng":120.2052342,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:53:15.152Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"unitree.com","fundingTotal":"756000000","type":"hardware","roles":[],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"superseded","supersededByCompanyId":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","sources":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmarkman/2026/04/27/unitree-g1-humanoid-robots-are-reshaping-the-robotics-investment-stack/","title":"Unitree G1 Humanoid Robots Are Reshaping The Robotics Investment Stack","sourceName":"Forbes"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"CEO","value":"Xingxing Wang"},{"label":"Total Funding","value":"$252M"},{"label":"Valuation","value":"$1.7B (Series C)"},{"label":"IPO","value":"$600M target at $6.2B valuation (Shanghai STAR)"},{"label":"2025 Humanoid Shipments","value":"5,500+"},{"label":"2025 Quadruped Shipments","value":"30,000+"},{"label":"Hangzhou manufacturing base","value":"Headquartered in Hangzhou, China — manufacturing facility expanding for G1/H1 humanoid and quadruped production"},{"label":"US dealer channels","value":"G2 humanoid cleared US dealer channels at under $41,000 — consumer/enterprise distribution (verified 2026)"},{"label":"Internal factory deployment","value":"Deployed G1 humanoid robots inside its own manufacturing facility — robots building robots (verified 2026)"},{"label":"IPO valuation target","value":"Over CNY 50 billion (~USD 7B) per IPO sponsor Citic Securities (Aug 2026)"}],"aliases":["Unitree Robotics","Unitree G1","Unitree H1","Unitree Go2"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-03T03:30:43.146Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:45:28.275Z"}},{"id":"e88c2388-73fd-4240-8835-a365bf49d171","slug":"tesla-fsd-whistleblower-lawsuit-medrano-2026-07","kind":"other","headline":"Fired Tesla FSD safety manager Javier Medrano sues Tesla, alleges systemic safety oversight defects and calls robotaxis cars rolling hazards","summary":"A former Tesla manager overseeing Full Self-Driving testing operations in Houston, Javier Medrano, filed a retaliation lawsuit claiming Tesla created systemic safety oversight defects by understaffing safety operators. The suit alleges Medrano processed an accident while physically asleep and gave unsafe guidance, and describes FSD test cars as rolling hazards. The lawsuit was spotted by The Independent and reported by Engadget on July 28, 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-01T02:56:56.775Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"2f2364fd-3986-45d5-8ead-da8add35adc3","slug":"tesla-autopilot-motorcyclist-fatality-austin-2026-07-28","kind":"fatality","headline":"Tesla in Autopilot mode strikes and kills motorcyclist ejected onto TX-130 in Travis County","summary":"On July 28, 2026, a motorcyclist suffered a rear-tire blowout on northbound TX-130 Toll near Decker Lake Road, Travis County, and was ejected onto the roadway. The rider was struck by an SUV (whose driver initially fled and was later charged) and then by a Tesla operating in Autopilot mode; the Tesla driver reported the vehicle did not detect the rider. The motorcyclist died at the scene. Texas DPS is investigating. Robot nexus: the Tesla was operating in Autopilot, Tesla's autonomous driver-assistance system; Tesla is a registry AV/robotaxi company.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T10:10:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"catastrophic","rootCauseCategory":"planning_perception_error","rootCauseDetail":"Tesla driver reported the Autopilot system did not detect the downed rider in the roadway; rider had been ejected after a tire blowout and was struck first by a separate SUV.","affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":"unknown","remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-04T09:27:42.966Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Cybercab","slug":"tesla-cybercab","description":"The Tesla Cybercab is a purpose-built two-seat autonomous robotaxi vehicle that Tesla unveiled on October 10 2024 at its 'We, Robot' event. It has no steering wheel or pedals, two upward-opening butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, and a single roughly 20.5-inch center display, and it relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar). Tesla has stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and, on its Q1 2026 earnings call, that Cybercab production has 'just started' with volume production targeted in 2026; Tesla's own Q1 2026 SEC filing characterizes the status as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas, and the production-start evidence rests on Tesla's statements and controlled footage rather than independent verification. The Cybercab is NOT the vehicle behind Tesla's deployed Robotaxi service, which launched in Austin in June 2025 on regular Model Y cars with safety monitors. As of mid-2026 there are no verified consumer transactions, purchase pathway, warranty terms, or real-world Cybercab deployment; the registry records it at research maturity (no verified real-world operation), with production and pricing claims tracked as stated, not demonstrated.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"doors":"2 upward-opening butterfly doors (auto-open, no handles)","lidar":"no lidar or radar","notes":[{"label":"Unveiled","value":"Revealed October 10 2024 at Tesla's 'We, Robot' event (Warner Bros studio); about 20 Cybercab units gave demonstration rides on a closed lot."},{"label":"Design (verified)","value":"Purpose-built two-seat robotaxi: no steering wheel or pedals, two butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, a single ~20.5-inch center display, no side mirrors or rear window."},{"label":"Price (stated target)","value":"Musk stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and an operating-cost claim near $0.20/mile. A target, not a realized price; no consumer order or reservation pathway exists as of mid-2026."},{"label":"Production status (verified-vs-claimed)","value":"Tesla's Q1 2026 SEC 10-Q characterizes the Cybercab as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026) - a MANUFACTURING status. On the Q1 2026 earnings call Musk said production has 'just started' and projected volume production in 2026 (a claim/target). Production-start evidence rests on Tesla's own statements and Tesla-controlled footage, not independent verification. Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Not the deployed robotaxi vehicle","value":"Tesla's actual Robotaxi service (launched Austin, June 2025; see model tesla-robotaxi) runs on regular Model Y vehicles with safety monitors and remote operators, NOT the Cybercab. The Cybercab is the purpose-built vehicle that has not yet entered real-world robotaxi operation. Musk has used 'robotaxi' and 'Cybercab' interchangeably, which is a frequent source of confusion."},{"label":"Autonomy (camera-only FSD)","value":"Cybercab relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar; see brain tesla-fsd-bot). A May 2026 Reuters investigation reported Tesla's FSD safety statistics are methodologically flawed (challenged by 10 of 11 researchers) and that Tesla pre-maps its robotaxi zones, contradicting earlier 'no mapping' claims; unsupervised FSD has faced delays."},{"label":"Tesla product-family disambiguation","value":"Distinct from Tesla Optimus (humanoid; see tesla-optimus) and from Tesla's FSD AI stack (brain tesla-fsd-bot). Cybercab is the purpose-built AV vehicle line; the registry classifies it form_factor=av (NHTSA/DMV-governed road vehicle), cohorting with robotaxi AVs (Waymo, Zoox, Apollo Go) rather than with humanoids."},{"label":"Honest absence (June 2026)","value":"No verified consumer transactions, no published purchase pathway, no published warranty or service terms, and no verified real-world Cybercab deployment or deliveries. Registry maturity=research reflects the absence of any verified real-world operation despite early (pilot-stage) manufacturing."}],"range":"280 mi","battery":"48 kWh","display":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen","seating":"2 passengers","autonomy":"Tesla camera-only Full Self-Driving (FSD); no lidar or radar; 'unsupervised' autonomy intended","charging":"inductive / wireless (no charge port)","controls":"no steering wheel or pedals","weight_kg":1412,"formFactor":"av (purpose-built two-seat road robotaxi)","battery_kwh":"~35 kWh","batteryRange":"planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)","sensor_suite":"camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar)","exteriorOmissions":"no side mirrors, no rear window"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","title":"Tesla 'We, Robot' event (Cybercab unveiling, Oct 10 2024)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/10/tesla-reveals-20-cybercabs-at-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla reveals 20 Cybercabs at We, Robot; sub-$30k claim, no wheel/pedals, inductive charging","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/10/elon-musk-hypes-a-30000-tesla-cybercab-robovan-at-robotaxi-event.html","title":"Musk hypes $30,000 Cybercab at robotaxi event (design + price target)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000162828026026551/exhibit991.htm","title":"Tesla Q1 FY2026 8-K exhibit (Cybercab 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-24/musk-says-tesla-has-begun-production-of-its-cybercab-robotaxi","title":"Tesla starts Cybercab production, Musk says (claimed-not-verified framing)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/23/tesla-cybercab-production-starts-no-nhtsa-2500-vehicle-cap/","title":"Tesla confirms Cybercab production started despite unsupervised-FSD delays; self-certified to FMVSS","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://news.alphastreet.com/tesla-inc-tsla-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/","title":"Tesla Q1 2026 earnings call (Musk: 'just started production'; volume production targeted 2026)","sourceName":"AlphaStreet (Tesla transcript)"},{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/whats-the-difference-between-teslas-cybercab-and-robotaxi-2000724073","title":"Difference between Cybercab and Robotaxi (deployed service runs on Model Y, not Cybercab)","sourceName":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/22/tesla-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-austin-with-big-promises-and-unanswered-questions/","title":"Tesla launches Austin robotaxi on Model Y with safety monitors (June 2025; not Cybercab)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/28/tesla-fsd-safety-stats-misleading-reuters-investigation/","title":"Reuters: Tesla's camera-only FSD safety stats challenged; robotaxi zones pre-mapped","sourceName":"Electrek (Reuters investigation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab","title":"Tesla Cybercab","sourceName":"Wikipedia"}],"aliases":["Tesla Cybercab","Cybercab"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Seating","value":"2 passengers"},{"label":"Price","value":"Below $30,000 (stated target)"},{"label":"Display","value":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen"},{"label":"Battery range","value":"Planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)"},{"label":"Production status","value":"Pilot Production at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026)"},{"label":"FMVSS","value":"Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Calibration","value":"Cybercabs retrofitted with steering wheels/pedals for calibration miles before unsupervised operation"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Musk: 'hardest product to scale manufacturing' — everything on the robot is new"},{"label":"Price target","value":"$25,000 per unit (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Operating cost","value":"Sub-$0.20 per mile (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Production rate target","value":"1 per 10 seconds (would be fastest auto production ever)"},{"label":"Production start","value":"April 2026 at Giga Texas"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Was targeted for 2026."},{"label":"App features (v26.6.0)","value":"Gesture-based seat controls, drag climate, hold-to-open powered doors w/ e-stop, phone media remote (music + Netflix)"},{"label":"Cybercab controls","value":"No steering wheel/pedals — gesture seat incline/recline, bench controls, drag climate, powered doors with emergency stop"},{"label":"Public launch (announced)","value":"Aug 2026: Tesla preparing public Cybercab launch in Austin, starting with employee rides on public roads. Winners to attend launch event announced by Aug 25. Regulators don't currently allow commercial steering-wheel-free robotaxis (per Mashable/The Information)."},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Unboxed process — large sub-assemblies built in parallel before final merge"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"Tesla holding back Model Y robotaxi conversions, confident in Cybercab near-term scaling"},{"label":"Form factor strategy","value":"Cybercab is initial form factor; additional vehicle types expected (robovan demo referenced)"},{"label":"FSD V15","value":"Step-change upgrade with 7 core technologies, 40% tested in robotaxi fleet. AI4.5: 10% higher FLOPS, 2x memory"},"Price=Under $30,000 (Musk confirmed, due before 2027)","Design=Two-passenger, no steering wheel or pedals, wireless charging","Production=Begins 2026, anticipated customer deliveries end of 2026","Compute=Tesla AI5 chip (in-house, TSMC/Samsung fabrication)","Sensor suite=Camera-only (Tesla vision-only philosophy, no LiDAR)","Robotaxi model=Autonomous ride-hailing network; Tesla operates fleet","Robovan concept=Separate 20-seat autonomous vehicle also announced"],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T14:39:35.678Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:31.241Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"d31d4f34-f407-429d-a8ac-e3bb44043c67","slug":"av-emergency-response-coordination-act-2026-07-28","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Rep. Kevin Mullin proposes AV Emergency Response Coordination Act requiring national safety standards for autonomous vehicles","summary":"Rep. Kevin Mullin (D-Calif.) unveiled the AV Emergency Response Coordination Act on July 28, 2026, at a press conference in San Francisco with Mayor Daniel Lurie and SF Fire Chief Dean Crispen. The bill would direct NHTSA to develop minimum national emergency response standards for AV operators, require 24-hour hotlines for public officials, and give cities the power to geofence AVs during emergencies. The bill follows a pattern of robotaxis blocking ambulances, driving into active crime scenes, and failing to recognize safety signals.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"planning_perception_error","rootCauseDetail":"Pattern of AVs interfering with emergency responders: blocking ambulances, entering crime scenes, failing to recognize traffic cones and flares","affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":"unknown","remediationStatus":"outstanding","regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-28T21:07:50.026Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"725daace-f176-417a-82f6-69e5c36c05ba","slug":"faa-nationwide-drone-delivery-fonsi-part135-2026-07-28","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FAA signs nationwide Finding of No Significant Impact for Part 135 drone delivery, replacing market-by-market environmental reviews","summary":"On July 28, 2026, the FAA signed a nationwide Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for Part 135 drone package delivery operations, ruling that delivery flights within a defined noise and siting envelope do not require a full environmental impact statement anywhere in the US. The decision overrides objections from 16 state attorneys general and replaces the market-by-market environmental assessments that had gated every delivery expansion since 2019.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"133236da-e15e-4d05-abe1-6fde4cde82bc","deploymentId":"cffd7250-b555-40c7-ae32-8f7544494c64","companyId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FAA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-03T14:05:13.187Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"133236da-e15e-4d05-abe1-6fde4cde82bc","companyId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","modelName":"Amazon Astro","slug":"amazon-astro","description":"Home companion robot using Intelligent Motion autonomous SLAM navigation (avoids people/pets/stairs) with a periscope camera for patrol. Honest status (vvc): consumer Astro remains an invite-only 'Day 1 Edition', never a broad retail release; the commercial 'Astro for Business' variant was discontinued July 2024 after ~7 months. Destinations/patrols are human-set.","formFactor":"smart_home","industryVertical":"consumer","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"pilot","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"nav":"Intelligent Motion SLAM (camera-based)","autonomy":"autonomous navigation + patrol; human-set destinations","category":"home companion","availability":"invite-only Day 1 Edition; Astro for Business discontinued 2024-07","obstacle_avoidance":"real-time dynamic avoidance (people/pets/stairs)"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/03/amazon-discontinues-astro-for-business-security-robot/","title":"Amazon Astro (status)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Astro","title":"Amazon Astro","sourceName":"Wikipedia"}],"aliases":["Astro"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":"Reviewed 2026-07-14: source-gated bulk flip (non-empty sources[]). Ben-approved.","manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet scale","value":"1M+ robots globally (mid-2025), continuing growth in 2026"},{"label":"Workforce ratio","value":"~1:1 robot-to-human (1.5M human employees)"},{"label":"Foundational acquisition","value":"Kiva Systems (2012, became Amazon Robotics)"},{"label":"Internal platforms","value":"Proteus (autonomous mobile, navigates with humans), Hercules + Titan (heavy AMRs), Pegasus, Sparrow (picking arm), Robin + Cardinal (sorting/loading arms), Sequoia (containerized inventory system), Vulcan (touch-sensing arm), Blue Jay (ceiling-mounted), Project Eluna (AI decision-support), DeepFleet (generative AI for fleet coordination)"},{"label":"Next-generation fulfillment center","value":"Shreveport, Louisiana, 3M sq ft, 5 floors, 10× standard robot density, Sequoia holds 30M+ items (5× original Houston deployment)"},{"label":"External humanoid pilots","value":"Agility Robotics Digit (tote handling, recycling bin transport)"},{"label":"Autonomous vehicle subsidiary","value":"Zoox (acquired 2020; testing robotaxi in Los Angeles; see /companies/zoox)"},{"label":"Covariant founders acquisition","value":"August 2024, Pieter Abbeel, Peter Chen, Rocky Duan brought in for AI deployment"},{"label":"Investment program","value":"$15B+ robot warehouse push announced"},{"label":"Workforce signal","value":"Cut 100+ robotics division staff in March 2026 even as automation spending accelerates"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-06T01:05:45.695Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:33:20.300Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"cffd7250-b555-40c7-ae32-8f7544494c64","modelId":"133236da-e15e-4d05-abe1-6fde4cde82bc","versionId":null,"locationId":"4530cade-f871-4406-9adc-fdb6e7bae98e","operatorId":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","ownerId":null,"slug":"amazon-astro-honest-absence","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["autonomous_operation"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"urban","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/","title":"Amazon","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"Amazon Astro home robot: honest-absence on commercial deployment. Released as Day 1 Editions invite-only in 2022; no broad commercial launch confirmed as of 2026. Limited employee/beta deployments only.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Limited employee/beta deployments only"},{"label":"Start","value":"Released as Day 1 Editions invite-only in 2022"},{"label":"Status","value":"No broad commercial launch confirmed as of 2026"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Amazon Astro smart home robot"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"research","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T23:03:26.172Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:33.993Z"},"company":{"id":"b9b40dbf-7909-4d29-9bd9-e23f21bf06f9","name":"Amazon","slug":"amazon","description":"Amazon is the largest deployer of physical-AI robotics in the world by fleet count, with more than 1 million robots deployed across its global fulfillment network as of mid-2025, a count that continues to climb in 2026. The robot-to-human ratio across Amazon's operations is approaching 1:1, with roughly 1.5 million human employees. Amazon's physical-AI strategy is structurally vertically integrated: the company manufactures its own robotics platforms through Amazon Robotics (the subsidiary formed from the 2012 acquisition of Kiva Systems), operates autonomous vehicle robotaxi service through Zoox (acquired 2020), pilots external humanoids including [Agility robotics](/companies/agility-robotics) Digit, and acquired the Covariant founding team in August 2024 to accelerate AI deployment across robotics. The company's next-generation Shreveport, Louisiana fulfillment center deploys 10× more robots than a standard facility and serves as the orchestration testbed for Amazon's full robotics platform stack.\n\nAmazon's editorial significance is structural vertical integration unmatched by any other operator in physical AI. While most operators evaluate humanoids from external vendors (GXO, BMW, Toyota), and while most robot makers depend on external customer deployments (Figure, Agility, Apptronik), Amazon owns the entire stack: manufactures its own platforms, operates its own deployments, develops its own AI through Covariant talent, and runs its own autonomous-vehicle service. This puts Amazon in a category by itself among physical-AI operators globally.","status":"NASDAQ: AMZN","founded":1994,"hq":"Seattle, Washington, USA","hqLat":47.6038321,"hqLng":-122.330062,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:19:17.624Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"amazon.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","data_center_operator","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/","label":"About Amazon — Amazon Robotics fulfillment center coverage"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/","label":"TechCrunch — next-generation fulfillment center coverage"},{"url":"https://www.automate.org/","label":"Automate.org — Amazon Robotics surpasses one million systems deployed"},{"url":"https://www.awsinsider.net/","label":"AWS Insider — The Rise of Amazon AI Robots"},{"url":"https://jacobin.com/","label":"Jacobin — A Sober Look at Amazon's Automation Drive"},{"url":"https://www.thescxchange.com/","label":"Supply Chain Exchange — Shreveport DC coverage"},{"url":"https://metaintro.com/","label":"Metaintro — Amazon's 1 Million Robots (Fast Company investigation context)"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions","title":"Amazon introduces new fulfillment robotics (Sequoia, Proteus) (official)","sourceName":"Amazon (official)"},{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2025/amazons-robot-workforce-hits-1-million-heres-what-they-all-do/","title":"Amazon tops 1 million robots; overview of its robot fleet (2025)","sourceName":"GeekWire"},{"url":"https://www.mmh.com/article/amazon_tests_its_sequoia_system_and_agility_robotics_digit_for_fulfillment","title":"Amazon tests its Sequoia system and Agility Robotics' Digit for fulfillment","sourceName":"Modern Materials Handling"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet scale","value":"1M+ robots globally (mid-2025), continuing growth in 2026"},{"label":"Workforce ratio","value":"~1:1 robot-to-human (1.5M human employees)"},{"label":"Foundational acquisition","value":"Kiva Systems (2012, became Amazon Robotics)"},{"label":"Internal platforms","value":"Proteus (autonomous mobile, navigates with humans), Hercules + Titan (heavy AMRs), Pegasus, Sparrow (picking arm), Robin + Cardinal (sorting/loading arms), Sequoia (containerized inventory system), Vulcan (touch-sensing arm), Blue Jay (ceiling-mounted), Project Eluna (AI decision-support), DeepFleet (generative AI for fleet coordination)"},{"label":"Next-generation fulfillment center","value":"Shreveport, Louisiana, 3M sq ft, 5 floors, 10× standard robot density, Sequoia holds 30M+ items (5× original Houston deployment)"},{"label":"External humanoid pilots","value":"Agility Robotics Digit (tote handling, recycling bin transport)"},{"label":"Autonomous vehicle subsidiary","value":"Zoox (acquired 2020; testing robotaxi in Los Angeles; see /companies/zoox)"},{"label":"Covariant founders acquisition","value":"August 2024, Pieter Abbeel, Peter Chen, Rocky Duan brought in for AI deployment"},{"label":"Investment program","value":"$15B+ robot warehouse push announced"},{"label":"Workforce signal","value":"Cut 100+ robotics division staff in March 2026 even as automation spending accelerates"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"label":"Project Kuiper","value":"Satellite network with direct-to-mobile phone capability — competing with SpaceX Starlink"}],"aliases":["Amazon","Amazon.com","AMZN","Amazon Robotics","Amazon.com Inc","Amazon Prime Air","Amazon Zoox","Amazon Kiva"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-28T03:07:21.566Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:22:40.053Z"}},{"id":"babafb96-c14a-4a91-84be-b2f53f01190f","slug":"fcc-ban-chinese-humanoid-quadruped-robots-2026-07-28","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FCC bans imports of new Chinese-made humanoid and quadruped robots, citing national security risks","summary":"The Federal Communications Commission on July 28, 2026 released measures barring imports of new Chinese-made humanoid and quadruped robots, citing national security risks. The ban is expected to hit Unitree, a leading Chinese humanoid robot maker with just under a fifth of global market share. The action was part of a broader Trump administration effort to protect the US AI buildout.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"3c593db9-6102-4c29-9be6-172887565abe","deploymentId":"8a6daa95-fdf6-4466-a399-77e6b4d1bed0","companyId":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"suspension","regulatoryBody":"FCC","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-30T14:07:33.723Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"3c593db9-6102-4c29-9be6-172887565abe","companyId":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","modelName":"Unitree G1","slug":"unitree-g1","description":"Unitree's compact full-size humanoid, introduced as a notably low-cost research-grade bipedal platform (base pricing widely reported around $13,500-$16,000). Roughly 130 cm tall, ~35 kg, with a configurable 23-43 degrees of freedom, 3D LiDAR, depth cameras, and athletic capabilities. Widely adopted by universities and labs.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"23-43","mass_kg":35,"dof_range":"23-43","height_cm":130,"runtime_h":"2","weight_kg":"35","drive_mode":"bipedal","payload_kg":3,"runtime_hours":"2","battery_life_hours":2},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.unitree.com/g1","label":"Unitree — G1","title":"Unitree — G1","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Unitree Robotics","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://humanoid.press/humanoid-press/news/archives-humanoid-robots/","label":"Humanoid Press — Unitree G1 specs and adoption","title":"Humanoid Press — Unitree G1 specs and adoption","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Humanoid Press","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.unitree.com/g1/","title":"Unitree G1 humanoid (canonical specs: 1320 mm, ~35 kg, 23-43 DOF, Dex3-1 hand)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Unitree (official)"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/unitree-g1","title":"Unitree demos new $16k robot (ICRA 2024 reveal/interview)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-robotics-unveils-g1-humanoid-for-16k/","title":"Unitree unveils G1 humanoid for $16K (launch specs)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://newatlas.com/robotics/unitree-g1-humanoid-robot-mass-production/","title":"Unitree G1 ready to leap into mass production (agility demos)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"New Atlas"},{"url":"https://www.designboom.com/technology/unitree-mass-production-g1-humanoid-robot-08-27-2024/","title":"Unitree gears up for mass production of G1","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"designboom"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-humanoid-performs-impressive-kungfu","title":"Unitree humanoid demonstrates kung-fu moves and backflips (KungFu Kid demo)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering"}],"aliases":["G1"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"130 cm"},{"label":"Weight","value":"35 kg"},{"label":"DOF","value":"23-43"},{"label":"Payload","value":"3 kg"},{"label":"Battery life","value":"2 hours"},{"label":"Price","value":"$13,500-$16,000"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"3D LiDAR and depth cameras"},{"label":"Drive type","value":"bipedal"},{"label":"Availability","value":"BUYABLE — available for direct purchase from Unitree store, the most accessible humanoid robot"},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"One-time purchase (no subscription)"},"Price=$13,500 base (fixed hands); $17,900 with SDK; EDU from $44,000; dexterous hands $65,900-$73,900","BOM cost (Munro teardown)=~$10,000 estimated total bill of materials","QDD actuators=Gear ratios 6:1 to 10:1 (vs 100:1+ for harmonic drives) — backdrivable, in-house designed and manufactured","QDD advantage=Fast iteration (weeks vs 3-6 months for external supply chain); no external motor supplier logos in G1 actuators (SemiAnalysis teardown)","Gross margin=62.91% on humanoid robots (2025); 60.27% overall — software-like margins on hardware","Payload limit=3-5 kg per arm (QDD low gear ratio tradeoff) — disqualifies from heavy manufacturing (20-25 kg typical)","Actuators ported from Go2 Pro robot dog — heat dissipated through aluminum exoskeleton housings","Revenue=¥1.708B (~$253M) in 2025 with ~$89M adjusted net profit — only profitable humanoid robot company","IPO=Shanghai STAR Market, ¥150.80/share (~$22.37), ~$905M raised, ~$9.05B market cap (Aug 2026)","2025 shipments=~5,500 humanoids (company-cited #1 globally); 5,900 in H1 2026 (31% global share, overtaken by AgiBot 44%)"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:20.880Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-16T02:26:53.473Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Unitree G1 humanoid robot swarm performing rapid martial arts choreography, advanced balance","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMb8G5Hsi90","date":"2026"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Unitree's viral videos show G1 robots performing martial arts choreography, dancing, and soccer kicks. These are choreographed demonstrations in controlled lab/film environments. The martial arts \"swarm\" video uses multiple cuts and camera angles. While the balance and locomotion are genuinely impressive (RL-based per Unitree), the videos do not demonstrate autonomous task completion in a work setting. Unitree's YouTube channel (@unitreerobotics) shows product demos but does not claim full autonomy for the G1. The G1 is a $16K developer platform, not a deployed work robot. The viral \"kung fu\" and \"soccer kick\" videos are choreographed performances, not autonomous work. No verified commercial deployment of G1 performing autonomous tasks exists. The H2 Plus (separate dossier) is even further from deployment.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMb8G5Hsi90","singleTake":"no","environment":"lab","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"no"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"8a6daa95-fdf6-4466-a399-77e6b4d1bed0","modelId":"593d5c74-9070-4dbc-bf70-e1c7fd608901","versionId":null,"locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","operatorId":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","ownerId":null,"slug":"unitree-go2-research-global","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["inspection"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"field","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"mixed","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.unitree.com/","title":"Unitree","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"},{"url":"https://www.unitree.com/go2/","title":"Unitree Go2 Quadruped Robot | Unitree Robotics","retrievedAt":"2026-06-27T12:00:00Z"}],"notes":"Unitree Go2 quadruped deployed at robotics research labs globally. Affordable platform for SLAM and locomotion research. 1,000+ units sold.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Technology","value":"Unitree Go2 quadruped"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"Robotics research labs globally"},{"label":"Use Case","value":"SLAM and locomotion research"},{"label":"Scale","value":"1,000+ units sold"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"agriculture","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T22:54:23.936Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:11:41.983Z"},"company":{"id":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","name":"Unitree Robotics","slug":"unitree-robotics","description":"Unitree Robotics is a Chinese robotics company producing quadruped and [Humanoid](/companies/humanoid-ai) robots at affordable prices. Products include G1 ($13,500 humanoid), H2 ($29,900 humanoid), Go2 quadruped, and B2 robot dog. Known for aggressive pricing making humanoid robots accessible. IPO on SSE. Deployed in research, entertainment, and industrial applications worldwide.","status":"public","founded":2016,"hq":"Hangzhou, China","hqLat":30.2489634,"hqLng":120.2052342,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:53:14.054Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"unitree.com","fundingTotal":"2224000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/20/unitree-plans-shanghai-ipo-testing-interest-in-humanoid-robots.html","title":"Unitree plans Shanghai STAR Market IPO (Mar 20, 2026)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://restofworld.org/2026/unitree-china-humanoid-robot-shanghai-ipo/","title":"Unitree files for about $610M Shanghai IPO (2026)","sourceName":"Rest of World"},{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3347611/inside-unitrees-landmark-ipo-what-know-about-chinas-humanoid-giant","title":"Inside Unitree's landmark IPO (2026)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-ipo-shows-a-real-hardware-business-the-humanoid-case-is-still-early/","title":"Unitree IPO shows a real hardware business; humanoid case still early (2026)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://technode.com/2025/02/19/unitree-robotics-humanoid-robots-sees-orders-surge-after-spring-festival-gala-performance/","title":"Unitree orders surge after Spring Festival Gala performance (Feb 19, 2025)","sourceName":"TechNode"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/20/china-humanoid-robots-spring-festival-gala-unitree-tesla-ai-race.html","title":"China humanoids go viral at Spring Festival Gala; Unitree in the AI race (Feb 20, 2026)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3343825/kung-fu-somersaults-and-scale-unitree-eyes-20000-robot-output-2026-after-gala","title":"Unitree eyes 20,000-robot output in 2026 after the Gala (2026)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202604/1358712.shtml","title":"Unitree H1 hits 10 m/s sprint record (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Global Times"},{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/news/unitree-gd01-mecha-humanoid-robot-ipo","title":"Unitree GD01 mecha humanoid unveiled amid IPO (2026)","sourceName":"The Next Web"},{"url":"https://thestandard.com.hk/innovation/article/329103/Unitree-H1-sets-10ms-global-speed-record","title":"Unitree H1 sets 10 m/s global speed record (2026)","sourceName":"The Standard (HK)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Robots","value":"G1 (from ~$16,000, most affordable humanoid), H1, R1"},{"label":"Scale","value":"Shipped 5,500+ humanoids in 2025; targeting 10,000-20,000 in 2026"},{"label":"Strategy","value":"Ultra-low-cost; commoditizing humanoid hardware"},{"label":"Funding","value":"Series C-IV; investors incl. Tencent, Alibaba, state capital (figures not publicly confirmed)"},{"label":"IPO","value":"Preparing STAR Market listing, reported ~$7B target"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Hangzhou, China (founded 2016, CEO Wang Xingxing)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106369174"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitree_Robotics"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Unitree_G1.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC0 Public Domain)"},{"label":"Product — G1","value":"$13,500 humanoid robot — most affordable humanoid"},{"label":"Product — H2","value":"$29,900 humanoid with enhanced capabilities"},{"label":"Product — Go2/B2","value":"Quadruped robot dogs for research and industrial use"},{"label":"IPO result","value":"Aug 19 2026: raised $904M (6.1B yuan), shares closed up 460% at 845 yuan ($125), market cap ~$50B"},{"label":"2025 revenue","value":"$252M (252M yuan), net profit $41M"},{"label":"Global market share","value":"31% of global humanoid robot shipments (H1 2026); Chinese firms held 97% total"},{"label":"US sales exposure","value":"13% of 2025 revenue; faces US import ban on certain humanoid robots"},{"label":"DeepSeek investment","value":"~$20M in IPO"},{"label":"Founder net worth","value":"Wang Xingxing ~$12B USD (~30% stake); China's first humanoid robotics billionaire (Aug 2026)"},{"label":"Day-2 market cap","value":"~$40B (687 yuan/share, Aug 20 2026)"},{"label":"Founder history","value":"Built $3,000 XDog quadruped as Shanghai Univ grad student 2015; quit DJI after 2 months; founded Unitree Aug 2016 with $275K angel funding at age 26"},{"label":"Architecture bet","value":"Electric motors (not hydraulics) for affordable humanoids; sold as hardware platforms before software completion"},{"label":"First post-IPO product","value":"R1 Robotic Arm — bionic 7-axis dexterous arm launched Aug 20, 2026, starts at RMB 9,900 (,471)"},{"label":"Vertical Integration","value":"Designs and manufactures QDD (quasi-direct-drive) actuators entirely in-house — no external motor supplier. 60%+ margins on actuators. Bet on lower gear ratios (1:6 to 1:9) with high-torque-density rare-earth magnets."},{"label":"IPO Status","value":"Received CSRC approval July 3, 2026 for Shanghai STAR Market IPO — fastest review on record (73 days). Profitable at scale."},{"label":"Global Shipments","value":"Led global humanoid robot shipments in 2025 with 5,500+ units. AgiBot was close behind at ~5,168."}],"aliases":["Unitree","宇树科技"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"688699","stockExchange":"SSE","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:18.431Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:26:16.367Z"}},{"id":"26c113a0-c4c0-49c8-9b4a-41dd977e45ab","slug":"waymo-santa-monica-broadway-lots-injunction-2026-07-28","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Santa Monica judge issues preliminary injunction banning overnight operations at two Waymo Broadway recharging stations","summary":"Santa Monica Superior Court Judge Bradley S. Phillips issued a preliminary injunction sought by the City of Santa Monica, barring Waymo from operating its Broadway Lots recharging stations (1222 and 1310 Broadway) between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. The court found the stations constituted a public nuisance due to noise, lights, and traffic disrupting nearby residents, who described conditions as 'mini-Las Vegas' and 'living next door to a spaceship.' Waymo denied the nuisance existed and contended it had hired more staff, implemented software updates to reduce noise, installed light and noise barriers, and modified vehicle behaviors. The injunction remains in effect pending trial; a status conference is scheduled for Oct. 23, 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"3eec022d-2a93-4d74-81c4-8915a17059bd","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"Santa Monica Superior Court","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-29T13:11:48.249Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"3eec022d-2a93-4d74-81c4-8915a17059bd","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"27e81299-d721-49a3-b890-de361377ad84","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-portland-oregon-usa","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"port","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/","label":"Waymo is coming to the Rose City — Portland","title":"Waymo is coming to the Rose City — Portland","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Waymo Blog","publishedAt":"2026-08-04"}],"notes":"Waymo began manually driving vehicles in Portland to familiarize the Waymo Driver with the city's streetscapes; fully autonomous service to follow.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Stage","value":"Manual driving / mapping phase"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-11T15:06:04.328Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:21:59.966Z"},"company":null},{"id":"14605ee5-fa55-4acf-811a-6d3ed6299c97","slug":"waymo-austin-parking-citations-2024-2026","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Waymo racks up 83 parking citations totaling $9,325 in Austin since 2024 launch","summary":"According to city records obtained by The Wall Street Journal, Waymo vehicles have received 83 parking citations totaling $9,325 in Austin since the service went live in 2024. The majority (64) were for parking in tow-away zones, 13 for unpaid meters, and 9 for double parking. The largest single fine was $519 for parking in a disabled-accessible space. One Waymo vehicle was towed after stopping partially blocking an active railroad crossing in January 2025. Waymo has paid $7,433 of the fines with $1,892 outstanding as of July 15, 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-28T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"3eec022d-2a93-4d74-81c4-8915a17059bd","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"fine","regulatoryBody":"City of Austin","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-29T13:36:20.175Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"3eec022d-2a93-4d74-81c4-8915a17059bd","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"27e81299-d721-49a3-b890-de361377ad84","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-portland-oregon-usa","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"port","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/","label":"Waymo is coming to the Rose City — Portland","title":"Waymo is coming to the Rose City — Portland","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Waymo Blog","publishedAt":"2026-08-04"}],"notes":"Waymo began manually driving vehicles in Portland to familiarize the Waymo Driver with the city's streetscapes; fully autonomous service to follow.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Stage","value":"Manual driving / mapping phase"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-11T15:06:04.328Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:21:59.966Z"},"company":null},{"id":"5c56c4c2-9f95-4e83-b9ec-9f9ed1251360","slug":"fcc-foreign-robot-nsd-covered-list-2026-07-27","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FCC issues National Security Determination barring all foreign-produced advanced robotic devices from US market","summary":"The FCC published a National Security Determination concluding that all foreign-produced advanced robotic devices pose an unacceptable national security risk and should be added to the FCC Covered List, unless the Department of War grants a specific exemption. The determination cites supply chain vulnerabilities and cybersecurity risks from networked robotic systems equipped with LiDAR, acoustic, and thermal sensors. The action effectively cuts off Chinese humanoid and quadruped robot makers, including Unitree, from the US market.","occurredAt":"2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"suspension","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-22T02:04:44.308Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"e0eddc78-26bb-43ae-bfc5-422a414ebd99","name":"Unitree Robotics","slug":"unitree-robotics","description":"Unitree Robotics is a Chinese robotics company producing quadruped and [Humanoid](/companies/humanoid-ai) robots at affordable prices. Products include G1 ($13,500 humanoid), H2 ($29,900 humanoid), Go2 quadruped, and B2 robot dog. Known for aggressive pricing making humanoid robots accessible. IPO on SSE. Deployed in research, entertainment, and industrial applications worldwide.","status":"public","founded":2016,"hq":"Hangzhou, China","hqLat":30.2489634,"hqLng":120.2052342,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:53:14.054Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"unitree.com","fundingTotal":"2224000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/20/unitree-plans-shanghai-ipo-testing-interest-in-humanoid-robots.html","title":"Unitree plans Shanghai STAR Market IPO (Mar 20, 2026)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://restofworld.org/2026/unitree-china-humanoid-robot-shanghai-ipo/","title":"Unitree files for about $610M Shanghai IPO (2026)","sourceName":"Rest of World"},{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3347611/inside-unitrees-landmark-ipo-what-know-about-chinas-humanoid-giant","title":"Inside Unitree's landmark IPO (2026)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-ipo-shows-a-real-hardware-business-the-humanoid-case-is-still-early/","title":"Unitree IPO shows a real hardware business; humanoid case still early (2026)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://technode.com/2025/02/19/unitree-robotics-humanoid-robots-sees-orders-surge-after-spring-festival-gala-performance/","title":"Unitree orders surge after Spring Festival Gala performance (Feb 19, 2025)","sourceName":"TechNode"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/20/china-humanoid-robots-spring-festival-gala-unitree-tesla-ai-race.html","title":"China humanoids go viral at Spring Festival Gala; Unitree in the AI race (Feb 20, 2026)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3343825/kung-fu-somersaults-and-scale-unitree-eyes-20000-robot-output-2026-after-gala","title":"Unitree eyes 20,000-robot output in 2026 after the Gala (2026)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202604/1358712.shtml","title":"Unitree H1 hits 10 m/s sprint record (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Global Times"},{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/news/unitree-gd01-mecha-humanoid-robot-ipo","title":"Unitree GD01 mecha humanoid unveiled amid IPO (2026)","sourceName":"The Next Web"},{"url":"https://thestandard.com.hk/innovation/article/329103/Unitree-H1-sets-10ms-global-speed-record","title":"Unitree H1 sets 10 m/s global speed record (2026)","sourceName":"The Standard (HK)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Robots","value":"G1 (from ~$16,000, most affordable humanoid), H1, R1"},{"label":"Scale","value":"Shipped 5,500+ humanoids in 2025; targeting 10,000-20,000 in 2026"},{"label":"Strategy","value":"Ultra-low-cost; commoditizing humanoid hardware"},{"label":"Funding","value":"Series C-IV; investors incl. Tencent, Alibaba, state capital (figures not publicly confirmed)"},{"label":"IPO","value":"Preparing STAR Market listing, reported ~$7B target"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Hangzhou, China (founded 2016, CEO Wang Xingxing)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106369174"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitree_Robotics"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Unitree_G1.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC0 Public Domain)"},{"label":"Product — G1","value":"$13,500 humanoid robot — most affordable humanoid"},{"label":"Product — H2","value":"$29,900 humanoid with enhanced capabilities"},{"label":"Product — Go2/B2","value":"Quadruped robot dogs for research and industrial use"},{"label":"IPO result","value":"Aug 19 2026: raised $904M (6.1B yuan), shares closed up 460% at 845 yuan ($125), market cap ~$50B"},{"label":"2025 revenue","value":"$252M (252M yuan), net profit $41M"},{"label":"Global market share","value":"31% of global humanoid robot shipments (H1 2026); Chinese firms held 97% total"},{"label":"US sales exposure","value":"13% of 2025 revenue; faces US import ban on certain humanoid robots"},{"label":"DeepSeek investment","value":"~$20M in IPO"},{"label":"Founder net worth","value":"Wang Xingxing ~$12B USD (~30% stake); China's first humanoid robotics billionaire (Aug 2026)"},{"label":"Day-2 market cap","value":"~$40B (687 yuan/share, Aug 20 2026)"},{"label":"Founder history","value":"Built $3,000 XDog quadruped as Shanghai Univ grad student 2015; quit DJI after 2 months; founded Unitree Aug 2016 with $275K angel funding at age 26"},{"label":"Architecture bet","value":"Electric motors (not hydraulics) for affordable humanoids; sold as hardware platforms before software completion"},{"label":"First post-IPO product","value":"R1 Robotic Arm — bionic 7-axis dexterous arm launched Aug 20, 2026, starts at RMB 9,900 (,471)"},{"label":"Vertical Integration","value":"Designs and manufactures QDD (quasi-direct-drive) actuators entirely in-house — no external motor supplier. 60%+ margins on actuators. Bet on lower gear ratios (1:6 to 1:9) with high-torque-density rare-earth magnets."},{"label":"IPO Status","value":"Received CSRC approval July 3, 2026 for Shanghai STAR Market IPO — fastest review on record (73 days). Profitable at scale."},{"label":"Global Shipments","value":"Led global humanoid robot shipments in 2025 with 5,500+ units. AgiBot was close behind at ~5,168."}],"aliases":["Unitree","宇树科技"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"688699","stockExchange":"SSE","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:18.431Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:26:16.367Z"}},{"id":"bf0c7698-331d-49cc-8628-9f9914ca2ef0","slug":"waymo-pico-union-la-collision-2026-07-26","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi struck by blue sedan that had just hit a pedestrian in Pico-Union, Los Angeles; two hospitalized, one critically injured","summary":"A two-vehicle collision at approximately 5:45 AM on July 26, 2026, near Venice Boulevard and Toberman Street in the Pico-Union neighborhood of Los Angeles involved a Waymo robotaxi. Per Waymo, a blue sedan traveling at 47-50 mph in the opposite direction struck a pedestrian with a cart outside a crosswalk at ~42 mph, then swerved into the opposite lane and hit the Waymo vehicle traveling east at ~27 mph. At least two people were hospitalized (one critically) and several others were treated at the scene. LAPD investigation ongoing; Waymo states its vehicle was not at fault.","occurredAt":"2026-07-26T12:45:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"other","rootCauseDetail":"Blue sedan hit pedestrian then swerved into oncoming lane striking Waymo; Waymo not at fault per company statement","affectedUnitsCount":1,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"none","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-27T21:24:55.377Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"e1449dc6-2ab7-49ae-b431-0bed8579ef67","slug":"starship-chicago-bus-shelter-crash-2026-07","kind":"property_damage","headline":"Autonomous delivery robot crashed into Chicago CTA bus shelter","summary":"Surveillance footage captured an autonomous delivery robot crashing into a CTA bus shelter in Chicago on July 26, 2026. The incident was caught on camera and reported by ABC7 Chicago.","occurredAt":"2026-07-26T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","deploymentId":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-18T07:28:04.569Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","modelName":"Starship Bot","slug":"starship-bot","description":"Starship Bot is the six-wheeled autonomous sidewalk delivery robot of Starship Technologies, founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla, who is also chief executive, and Janus Friis, with headquarters in San Francisco and engineering hubs in Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland. The robot carries an insulated cargo compartment and navigates sidewalks at low speed using multi-sensor fusion of cameras, radar, ultrasonics, and GPS, operating as an operator-supervised Level 4 system: it drives autonomously with remote human oversight and takeover available rather than being driverless, a distinction the registry preserves against Starship's own marketing of Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision. Starship runs a captive operator-supervised service model, operating its own fleet and selling the delivery backbone to apps, retailers, and campuses rather than selling robots to third parties, integrating with platforms such as Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, and Wolt. As of Starship's own April 2026 disclosure it had passed ten million cumulative autonomous deliveries with more than three thousand robots across more than three hundred service areas in eight countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, and the United States, with more than sixty-five US university campuses as its anchor segment; Denmark, sometimes listed in priors, is not among them. It remains privately held, having closed a fifty-million-dollar Series C led by Plural in October 2025 that brought cumulative funding above two hundred eighty million dollars, with no valuation disclosed by the company.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Founders / heritage","value":"Founded 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (co-founder + CEO) and Janus Friis. HQ San Francisco; engineering hubs Tallinn (Estonia) and Helsinki (Finland)."},{"label":"Business model","value":"Captive operator-supervised delivery SERVICE: sells the autonomous delivery backbone to apps/retailers/campuses, not robots to third parties."},{"label":"Footprint (verified, Apr 2026)","value":"8 countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Czech Republic, United States. NOTE: Denmark is NOT among them (corrects a common prior); Czech Republic + Switzerland are the additions. Anchor segment = university campuses (65+ US); also grocery/retail, delivery apps, industrial sites."},{"label":"Financials (verified)","value":"$50M Series C closed Oct 15 2025, led by Plural (+ Karma.vc, Latitude, Coefficient Capital, SmartCap, Skaala); cumulative funding >$280M (Starship-direct). NO valuation disclosed by the company - cap-flag any aggregator valuation. '12,000+ robots by 2027' is a company projection, not a current figure."},{"label":"Cap-flag (autonomy framing)","value":"Starship markets 'Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision,' which reads as driverless; in practice operations are operator-supervised L4 with remote oversight/takeover available (~99% autonomous historically). Frame as operator-supervised, not no-humans. ~4 mph + exact lidar/radar specs are legacy specs, not re-cited in the Apr 2026 release."}],"specs":"Starship Bot: six-wheeled insulated-cargo autonomous sidewalk delivery robot at low speed (~4 mph, legacy spec) with multi-sensor fusion (cameras + radar + ultrasonics + GPS; lidar on some configs). Operator-supervised Level 4 on sidewalks: runs autonomously with remote human oversight/takeover available. Operational scale (Apr 2026, Starship-direct): 10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries, 3,000+ robots, 300+ service areas across 8 countries, 65+ US university campuses, 22M+ autonomous km, ~125,000 road crossings/day. Captive operator-supervised SERVICE model: Starship operates its own fleet and integrates with delivery apps (Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, Wolt) plus grocers/retailers; does NOT sell robots to third parties.","battery":"1260 Wh","runtime":"12 h","max_speed":"6 km/h","weight_kg":35,"formFactor":"sidewalk (six-wheeled operator-supervised L4 sidewalk delivery robot; captive delivery-service model)","payload_kg":10},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship passes 10 million autonomous deliveries; 3,000+ robots, 300+ locations, 8 countries, 65+ US campuses (Apr 28 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship raises $50M Series C, led by Plural; >$280M cumulative; 2,700+ robots (Oct 15 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/skype-co-founders-launch-a-company-with-a-mission-to-make-local-delivery-free/","title":"Skype co-founders (Ahti Heinla + Janus Friis) launch Starship (founders + Skype heritage)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies Raises $50M Series C to Scale Autonomous Delivery (wire mirror)","sourceName":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/starship-technologies-obtains-series-c-funding-for-autonomous-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies obtains Series C funding (independent corroboration)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/about/","title":"Starship about: last-mile delivery service; SF HQ, Tallinn + Helsinki engineering; captive fleet","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://starshipdeliveries.com/industry/","title":"Starship Robot Specifications","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"}],"aliases":["Starship Bot","Starship delivery robot","Starship Technologies robot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Operating speed","value":"~4 mph (legacy spec)"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"Operator-supervised Level 4 with remote human oversight/takeover available"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"Cameras, radar, ultrasonics, GPS; lidar on some configs"},{"label":"Cumulative deliveries","value":"10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries (Apr 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"3,000+ robots"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.476Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:19:28.916Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":2000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":2000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","label":"passed 10 million deliveries"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/25/starship-technologies-picks-up-e50m-from-the-eus-investment-arm-to-expand-its-fleet-of-autonomous-delivery-robots/","label":"expand its fleet"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"supervised","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","versionId":null,"locationId":"cea5e4ff-fc39-47e7-a41b-aef5603ae6b9","operatorId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","ownerId":null,"slug":"starship-manchester-uk","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":10,"siteType":"retail","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-and-co-op-extend-partnership-to-bring-robot-food-delivery-to-greater-manchester/","name":"Starship Technologies","title":"Starship and Co-op extend to Greater Manchester"}],"notes":"Starship and Co-op extended partnership to Greater Manchester, delivering from Co-op stores to Trafford.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-14T14:26:56.134Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:10.240Z"},"company":{"id":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","name":"Starship Technologies","slug":"starship","description":"Autonomous delivery vehicle company founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (CEO) and Janus Friis. [Starship](/companies/starship) Technologies developed the world's first autonomous sidewalk delivery robot, completing over 8 million autonomous deliveries across 50+ US college campuses and cities. Raised $50M Series C in October 2025, bringing total funding to $80M+. The fleet of 2,700+ robots operates at Level 4 autonomy (99% autonomous) for Uber Eats and campus delivery. Originally founded in Estonia, now HQ in San Francisco.","status":"private","founded":2014,"hq":"San Francisco, CA","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:49:36.770Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"starship.xyz","fundingTotal":"50000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz","label":"Starship Technologies — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Technologies","label":"Wikipedia — Starship Technologies"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies (official) - passes 10 million autonomous L4 deliveries; 3,000+ robots across 300+ locations in 8 countries (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship Technologies (official) - raises $50M Series C to scale autonomous delivery across US cities (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies raises $50M Series C to scale autonomous delivery across US cities (Oct 15, 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (Business Wire)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251120298420/en/Starship-Technologies-and-Uber-Eats-Launch-Autonomous-Delivery-Partnership","title":"Starship Technologies and Uber Eats launch autonomous delivery partnership (Nov 20, 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (Business Wire)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-and-uber-eats-launch-autonomous-delivery-partnership/","title":"Starship Technologies and Uber Eats launch autonomous delivery partnership (Nov 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (official)"},{"url":"https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/technology/starship-technologies-raises-50m-robot-delivery-race-revs","title":"Starship Technologies raises $50M as robot delivery race revs up (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Restaurant Business"},{"url":"https://www.pymnts.com/partnerships/2025/uber-eats-and-starship-to-launch-autonomous-sidewalk-robot-delivery-in-december/","title":"Uber Eats and Starship to launch autonomous sidewalk robot delivery in December (Nov 2025)","sourceName":"PYMNTS"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grubhub-and-starship-technologies-partner-to-bring-robot-delivery-services-to-college-campuses-301645087.html","title":"Grubhub and Starship Technologies partner to bring robot delivery to college campuses (Oct 2022)","sourceName":"Starship/Grubhub (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://about.grubhub.com/news/grubhub-and-starship-technologies-partner-to-bring-robot-delivery-services-to-college-campuses/","title":"Grubhub and Starship Technologies partner on campus robot delivery (Oct 2022)","sourceName":"Grubhub (official)"},{"url":"https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/story/2025/04/starship-technologies-surpasses-8-million-deliveries/24613/","title":"Starship Technologies surpasses 8 million autonomous deliveries (Apr 2025)","sourceName":"Robotics Tomorrow"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Robots","value":"L4 autonomous sidewalk delivery robots (~2-mile radius)"},{"label":"Primary markets","value":"University campuses, grocery retailers, delivery apps, industrial sites"},{"label":"Geography","value":"US and Europe"},{"label":"Navigation","value":"Radar, cameras, sensors + machine learning"},{"label":"HQ","value":"San Francisco, CA (founded 2014; Skype co-founders' lineage)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ahti Heinla"},{"label":"Co-founder","value":"Janus Friis (Skype co-founder)"},{"label":"Series C","value":"0M (October 2025)"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"80M+"},{"label":"Deliveries","value":"7M+ autonomous deliveries completed"},{"label":"Partners","value":"Uber Eats, university campuses"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Starship_Robot_Side_View.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 4.0)"},{"label":"Campus-to-city pivot","value":"1,200 robots pulled from US university campuses to focus on city grocery delivery (July 2026) — corridor signal: depot model shifting from campus to urban"},{"label":"10M deliveries milestone","value":"Surpassed 10 million autonomous deliveries (Feb 2026)"},{"label":"Just Eat partnership","value":"Just Eat partnership — UK expansion including Barnsley 'Tech Town' (Feb 2026)"},{"label":"US city expansion funding","value":"$50M raised to bring Starship robots to US cities, expanding from European grocery and American campus operations"},{"label":"Total deliveries","value":"8M+ autonomous deliveries"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"2,700+ robots"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.397Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:32:07.238Z"}},{"id":"a6b4f5c6-b0c2-445d-9b74-7a291519c422","slug":"waymo-la-pico-union-collision-2026-07-26","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi involved in two-vehicle collision in Los Angeles, multiple people hospitalized","summary":"A two-vehicle collision involving a Waymo robotaxi near downtown Los Angeles sent at least two people to the hospital and left several others injured. The crash occurred at 5:45 a.m. at Venice Boulevard and Toberman Street in the Pico-Union neighborhood. Waymo stated its vehicle was struck by a blue sedan that had first hit a pedestrian outside a crosswalk. LAPD investigation is ongoing.","occurredAt":"2026-07-26T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-31T20:48:49.139Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"3d4ce76c-1e43-4779-a208-106fe2e147f1","slug":"katalyst-link-tumbling-out-of-control-2026-07-28","kind":"malfunction","headline":"Katalyst Space LINK spacecraft tumbling out of control after reaction wheel failures during NASA Swift Observatory mission","summary":"On July 28, 2026, NASA and Katalyst Space Technologies confirmed that the LINK spacecraft — the first commercial robotic servicing spacecraft hired by NASA to boost the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory to a higher orbit — began tumbling out of control over the weekend. Two of the three reaction wheels that control the spacecraft's alignment have failed, and there are problems with one of the thruster systems. Flight controllers are working to recover the spacecraft using alternative thrusters to slow the spin. LINK was launched July 3, 2026 on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus rocket and was in the commissioning phase before the anomaly.","occurredAt":"2026-07-26T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"6e1f04c1-a0b8-4822-8d71-1434a8a0549f","deploymentId":"8fc21d7e-75d8-4a1c-8fd4-594f3732a6a6","companyId":"e2a209b6-3cc3-4526-9d08-d38f5ce53b0c","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"mechanical_failure","rootCauseDetail":"Two of three reaction wheels failed; thruster system problems also identified. Spacecraft built quickly under time pressure to meet Swift Observatory orbit-boost window.","affectedUnitsCount":1,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-28T21:09:38.185Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"6e1f04c1-a0b8-4822-8d71-1434a8a0549f","companyId":"e2a209b6-3cc3-4526-9d08-d38f5ce53b0c","modelName":"Nexus","slug":"katalyst-nexus","description":"Modular satellite interface system prototype by Katalyst Space Technologies, enabling rapid integration and deployment of hosted payloads and sensors on satellite buses","formFactor":"defense","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"prototype","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":{"create":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/katalyst-space-raises-12-million-for-geo-servicing-demo-mission/","title":"Katalyst Space raises $12 million for GEO servicing demo mission","sourceName":"SpaceNews"},{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/leonidcapitalpartners_leonid-capital-partners-provides-45mm-credit-activity-7316143327026860034-pSCG","title":"Leonid Capital Partners invests $4.5MM in Katalyst Space Technologies","sourceName":"Leonid Capital Partners"}]},"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form Factor","value":"defense"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"prototype"}],"createdAt":"2026-07-27T19:11:50.894Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T04:03:26.025Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"8fc21d7e-75d8-4a1c-8fd4-594f3732a6a6","modelId":"50515b30-7516-42c9-899b-4c9f72ed076d","versionId":null,"locationId":"828f9784-5535-4787-a6ea-4e2d27c3926f","operatorId":"e2a209b6-3cc3-4526-9d08-d38f5ce53b0c","ownerId":null,"slug":"katalyst-link-united-states-usa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["aerial_survey","delivery","reconnaissance","mapping"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":6,"siteType":"field","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"customer_deployed","sourceQualityTier":8,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[],"notes":"Commercial product — available for purchase in this market.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":"Bulk deepened — form-factor-based metadata assignment","exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"defense","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-20T04:09:14.726Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T16:27:51.583Z"},"company":{"id":"e2a209b6-3cc3-4526-9d08-d38f5ce53b0c","name":"Katalyst Space Technologies","slug":"katalyst-space","description":"[Katalyst space](/companies/katalyst-space) Technologies is a US space robotics company developing autonomous robotic spacecraft for satellite servicing in GEO, MEO, and LEO orbits. Founded in 2020 by CEO Ghonhee Lee and headquartered in Flagstaff, Arizona, the company's LINK spacecraft was the first commercial robotic servicing vehicle hired by NASA to boost the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. The company also acquired Atomos Space in 2025 and is developing the Nexus spacecraft for GEO satellite servicing.","status":"private","founded":0,"hq":"Flagstaff, AZ, USA","hqLat":35.1987522,"hqLng":-111.651822,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:35:40.863Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"katalystspace.com","fundingTotal":"12000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.katalystspace.com","label":"Katalyst Space (official)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Funding","value":"$12M (Jun 2026, led by Geodesic Capital + Fortitude Ventures) + $4.5M credit (Leonid Capital) + $1.5M earlier"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ghonhee Lee"},{"label":"Product","value":"Nexus — robotic GEO satellite servicing spacecraft. First mission 2027."},{"label":"Customers","value":"US Space Force (space domain awareness), NASA (observatory orbit-boosting), then commercial"},{"label":"Founder & CEO","value":"Ghonhee Lee"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"$12M (June 2026)"},{"label":"Product — LINK","value":"LEO servicing spacecraft, launching June 27 2026 on Pegasus rocket"},{"label":"Product — NEXUS","value":"GEO-capable robotic servicing, launching 2027 on Ariane 6"},{"label":"NASA contract","value":"$30M for Swift Observatory servicing mission"},{"label":"Capabilities","value":"Rendezvous & docking, robotic manipulation, SDA, life extension"},{"label":"Investors","value":"Geodesic Capital (Alliance Fund), Fortitude Venture"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-27T19:11:50.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:27:12.746Z"}},{"id":"a37a1da9-a443-4dad-9923-c04a0d220c29","slug":"nhtsa-tesla-fsd-marketing-probe-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA probes Tesla FSD marketing after AI-related crashes","summary":"NHTSA has opened an investigation into Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) marketing practices following AI-related crashes. The probe examines whether Tesla's claims about FSD capabilities, including handling whiteout conditions, are substantiated. The investigation covers Tesla's 'Radar Saves Us' document and marketing materials.","occurredAt":"2026-07-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-31T20:48:53.941Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"2af58080-c414-44e9-a96d-51bca059a27d","slug":"starship-asu-perez-spinal-fracture-2026-07","kind":"injury","headline":"Woman sues Starship after delivery robot knocked her down, causing spinal fracture","summary":"Trudy Perez, 73, sued Starship Technologies alleging a Starship delivery robot reversed into her and knocked her to the ground at an ASU parking garage, causing a spinal fracture and permanent injuries. The ASU police report states the robot drove away after Perez fell, then reversed a second time while she remained on the ground. Jury trial set for early next year.","occurredAt":"2026-07-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","deploymentId":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-19T19:37:13.059Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","modelName":"Starship Bot","slug":"starship-bot","description":"Starship Bot is the six-wheeled autonomous sidewalk delivery robot of Starship Technologies, founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla, who is also chief executive, and Janus Friis, with headquarters in San Francisco and engineering hubs in Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland. The robot carries an insulated cargo compartment and navigates sidewalks at low speed using multi-sensor fusion of cameras, radar, ultrasonics, and GPS, operating as an operator-supervised Level 4 system: it drives autonomously with remote human oversight and takeover available rather than being driverless, a distinction the registry preserves against Starship's own marketing of Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision. Starship runs a captive operator-supervised service model, operating its own fleet and selling the delivery backbone to apps, retailers, and campuses rather than selling robots to third parties, integrating with platforms such as Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, and Wolt. As of Starship's own April 2026 disclosure it had passed ten million cumulative autonomous deliveries with more than three thousand robots across more than three hundred service areas in eight countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, and the United States, with more than sixty-five US university campuses as its anchor segment; Denmark, sometimes listed in priors, is not among them. It remains privately held, having closed a fifty-million-dollar Series C led by Plural in October 2025 that brought cumulative funding above two hundred eighty million dollars, with no valuation disclosed by the company.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Founders / heritage","value":"Founded 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (co-founder + CEO) and Janus Friis. HQ San Francisco; engineering hubs Tallinn (Estonia) and Helsinki (Finland)."},{"label":"Business model","value":"Captive operator-supervised delivery SERVICE: sells the autonomous delivery backbone to apps/retailers/campuses, not robots to third parties."},{"label":"Footprint (verified, Apr 2026)","value":"8 countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Czech Republic, United States. NOTE: Denmark is NOT among them (corrects a common prior); Czech Republic + Switzerland are the additions. Anchor segment = university campuses (65+ US); also grocery/retail, delivery apps, industrial sites."},{"label":"Financials (verified)","value":"$50M Series C closed Oct 15 2025, led by Plural (+ Karma.vc, Latitude, Coefficient Capital, SmartCap, Skaala); cumulative funding >$280M (Starship-direct). NO valuation disclosed by the company - cap-flag any aggregator valuation. '12,000+ robots by 2027' is a company projection, not a current figure."},{"label":"Cap-flag (autonomy framing)","value":"Starship markets 'Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision,' which reads as driverless; in practice operations are operator-supervised L4 with remote oversight/takeover available (~99% autonomous historically). Frame as operator-supervised, not no-humans. ~4 mph + exact lidar/radar specs are legacy specs, not re-cited in the Apr 2026 release."}],"specs":"Starship Bot: six-wheeled insulated-cargo autonomous sidewalk delivery robot at low speed (~4 mph, legacy spec) with multi-sensor fusion (cameras + radar + ultrasonics + GPS; lidar on some configs). Operator-supervised Level 4 on sidewalks: runs autonomously with remote human oversight/takeover available. Operational scale (Apr 2026, Starship-direct): 10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries, 3,000+ robots, 300+ service areas across 8 countries, 65+ US university campuses, 22M+ autonomous km, ~125,000 road crossings/day. Captive operator-supervised SERVICE model: Starship operates its own fleet and integrates with delivery apps (Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, Wolt) plus grocers/retailers; does NOT sell robots to third parties.","battery":"1260 Wh","runtime":"12 h","max_speed":"6 km/h","weight_kg":35,"formFactor":"sidewalk (six-wheeled operator-supervised L4 sidewalk delivery robot; captive delivery-service model)","payload_kg":10},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship passes 10 million autonomous deliveries; 3,000+ robots, 300+ locations, 8 countries, 65+ US campuses (Apr 28 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship raises $50M Series C, led by Plural; >$280M cumulative; 2,700+ robots (Oct 15 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/skype-co-founders-launch-a-company-with-a-mission-to-make-local-delivery-free/","title":"Skype co-founders (Ahti Heinla + Janus Friis) launch Starship (founders + Skype heritage)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies Raises $50M Series C to Scale Autonomous Delivery (wire mirror)","sourceName":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/starship-technologies-obtains-series-c-funding-for-autonomous-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies obtains Series C funding (independent corroboration)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/about/","title":"Starship about: last-mile delivery service; SF HQ, Tallinn + Helsinki engineering; captive fleet","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://starshipdeliveries.com/industry/","title":"Starship Robot Specifications","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"}],"aliases":["Starship Bot","Starship delivery robot","Starship Technologies robot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Operating speed","value":"~4 mph (legacy spec)"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"Operator-supervised Level 4 with remote human oversight/takeover available"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"Cameras, radar, ultrasonics, GPS; lidar on some configs"},{"label":"Cumulative deliveries","value":"10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries (Apr 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"3,000+ robots"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.476Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:19:28.916Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":2000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":2000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","label":"passed 10 million deliveries"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/25/starship-technologies-picks-up-e50m-from-the-eus-investment-arm-to-expand-its-fleet-of-autonomous-delivery-robots/","label":"expand its fleet"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"supervised","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","versionId":null,"locationId":"cea5e4ff-fc39-47e7-a41b-aef5603ae6b9","operatorId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","ownerId":null,"slug":"starship-manchester-uk","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":10,"siteType":"retail","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-and-co-op-extend-partnership-to-bring-robot-food-delivery-to-greater-manchester/","name":"Starship Technologies","title":"Starship and Co-op extend to Greater Manchester"}],"notes":"Starship and Co-op extended partnership to Greater Manchester, delivering from Co-op stores to Trafford.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-14T14:26:56.134Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:10.240Z"},"company":{"id":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","name":"Starship Technologies","slug":"starship","description":"Autonomous delivery vehicle company founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (CEO) and Janus Friis. [Starship](/companies/starship) Technologies developed the world's first autonomous sidewalk delivery robot, completing over 8 million autonomous deliveries across 50+ US college campuses and cities. Raised $50M Series C in October 2025, bringing total funding to $80M+. The fleet of 2,700+ robots operates at Level 4 autonomy (99% autonomous) for Uber Eats and campus delivery. Originally founded in Estonia, now HQ in San Francisco.","status":"private","founded":2014,"hq":"San Francisco, CA","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:49:36.770Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"starship.xyz","fundingTotal":"50000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz","label":"Starship Technologies — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Technologies","label":"Wikipedia — Starship Technologies"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies (official) - passes 10 million autonomous L4 deliveries; 3,000+ robots across 300+ locations in 8 countries (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship Technologies (official) - raises $50M Series C to scale autonomous delivery across US cities (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies raises $50M Series C to scale autonomous delivery across US cities (Oct 15, 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (Business Wire)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251120298420/en/Starship-Technologies-and-Uber-Eats-Launch-Autonomous-Delivery-Partnership","title":"Starship Technologies and Uber Eats launch autonomous delivery partnership (Nov 20, 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (Business Wire)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-and-uber-eats-launch-autonomous-delivery-partnership/","title":"Starship Technologies and Uber Eats launch autonomous delivery partnership (Nov 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (official)"},{"url":"https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/technology/starship-technologies-raises-50m-robot-delivery-race-revs","title":"Starship Technologies raises $50M as robot delivery race revs up (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Restaurant Business"},{"url":"https://www.pymnts.com/partnerships/2025/uber-eats-and-starship-to-launch-autonomous-sidewalk-robot-delivery-in-december/","title":"Uber Eats and Starship to launch autonomous sidewalk robot delivery in December (Nov 2025)","sourceName":"PYMNTS"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grubhub-and-starship-technologies-partner-to-bring-robot-delivery-services-to-college-campuses-301645087.html","title":"Grubhub and Starship Technologies partner to bring robot delivery to college campuses (Oct 2022)","sourceName":"Starship/Grubhub (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://about.grubhub.com/news/grubhub-and-starship-technologies-partner-to-bring-robot-delivery-services-to-college-campuses/","title":"Grubhub and Starship Technologies partner on campus robot delivery (Oct 2022)","sourceName":"Grubhub (official)"},{"url":"https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/story/2025/04/starship-technologies-surpasses-8-million-deliveries/24613/","title":"Starship Technologies surpasses 8 million autonomous deliveries (Apr 2025)","sourceName":"Robotics Tomorrow"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Robots","value":"L4 autonomous sidewalk delivery robots (~2-mile radius)"},{"label":"Primary markets","value":"University campuses, grocery retailers, delivery apps, industrial sites"},{"label":"Geography","value":"US and Europe"},{"label":"Navigation","value":"Radar, cameras, sensors + machine learning"},{"label":"HQ","value":"San Francisco, CA (founded 2014; Skype co-founders' lineage)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ahti Heinla"},{"label":"Co-founder","value":"Janus Friis (Skype co-founder)"},{"label":"Series C","value":"0M (October 2025)"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"80M+"},{"label":"Deliveries","value":"7M+ autonomous deliveries completed"},{"label":"Partners","value":"Uber Eats, university campuses"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Starship_Robot_Side_View.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 4.0)"},{"label":"Campus-to-city pivot","value":"1,200 robots pulled from US university campuses to focus on city grocery delivery (July 2026) — corridor signal: depot model shifting from campus to urban"},{"label":"10M deliveries milestone","value":"Surpassed 10 million autonomous deliveries (Feb 2026)"},{"label":"Just Eat partnership","value":"Just Eat partnership — UK expansion including Barnsley 'Tech Town' (Feb 2026)"},{"label":"US city expansion funding","value":"$50M raised to bring Starship robots to US cities, expanding from European grocery and American campus operations"},{"label":"Total deliveries","value":"8M+ autonomous deliveries"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"2,700+ robots"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.397Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:32:07.238Z"}},{"id":"b2e213a1-7cff-4cf4-9b6f-6e65e20ccf75","slug":"waymo-pico-union-crash-critical-injury-2026-07-25","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi involved in two-vehicle crash in LA's Pico-Union, one person critically injured","summary":"A Waymo autonomous vehicle was involved in a two-vehicle collision in the Pico-Union area of Los Angeles, sending two people to the hospital, one with critical injuries. The crash added to scrutiny of Waymo's safety record in the days following an IIHS study showing robotaxis crash rates.","occurredAt":"2026-07-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-01T09:03:20.784Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"dfa215d8-51ae-4737-a3be-4eaccafd102e","slug":"starship-delivery-robot-asu-pedestrian-injury-lawsuit-2026-07","kind":"injury","headline":"Starship delivery robot strikes ASU employee on campus, lawsuit filed","summary":"A Starship Technologies delivery robot struck a pedestrian on the Arizona State University campus, causing injury. Video footage obtained by police corroborates the victim's account that the robot suddenly changed direction and hit her without apparent cause. The victim has filed a lawsuit seeking damages for serious injuries including lower back pain.","occurredAt":"2026-07-25T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","deploymentId":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"none","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-31T20:48:51.547Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:29:22.113Z","model":{"id":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","modelName":"Starship Bot","slug":"starship-bot","description":"Starship Bot is the six-wheeled autonomous sidewalk delivery robot of Starship Technologies, founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla, who is also chief executive, and Janus Friis, with headquarters in San Francisco and engineering hubs in Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland. The robot carries an insulated cargo compartment and navigates sidewalks at low speed using multi-sensor fusion of cameras, radar, ultrasonics, and GPS, operating as an operator-supervised Level 4 system: it drives autonomously with remote human oversight and takeover available rather than being driverless, a distinction the registry preserves against Starship's own marketing of Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision. Starship runs a captive operator-supervised service model, operating its own fleet and selling the delivery backbone to apps, retailers, and campuses rather than selling robots to third parties, integrating with platforms such as Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, and Wolt. As of Starship's own April 2026 disclosure it had passed ten million cumulative autonomous deliveries with more than three thousand robots across more than three hundred service areas in eight countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, and the United States, with more than sixty-five US university campuses as its anchor segment; Denmark, sometimes listed in priors, is not among them. It remains privately held, having closed a fifty-million-dollar Series C led by Plural in October 2025 that brought cumulative funding above two hundred eighty million dollars, with no valuation disclosed by the company.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Founders / heritage","value":"Founded 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (co-founder + CEO) and Janus Friis. HQ San Francisco; engineering hubs Tallinn (Estonia) and Helsinki (Finland)."},{"label":"Business model","value":"Captive operator-supervised delivery SERVICE: sells the autonomous delivery backbone to apps/retailers/campuses, not robots to third parties."},{"label":"Footprint (verified, Apr 2026)","value":"8 countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Czech Republic, United States. NOTE: Denmark is NOT among them (corrects a common prior); Czech Republic + Switzerland are the additions. Anchor segment = university campuses (65+ US); also grocery/retail, delivery apps, industrial sites."},{"label":"Financials (verified)","value":"$50M Series C closed Oct 15 2025, led by Plural (+ Karma.vc, Latitude, Coefficient Capital, SmartCap, Skaala); cumulative funding >$280M (Starship-direct). NO valuation disclosed by the company - cap-flag any aggregator valuation. '12,000+ robots by 2027' is a company projection, not a current figure."},{"label":"Cap-flag (autonomy framing)","value":"Starship markets 'Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision,' which reads as driverless; in practice operations are operator-supervised L4 with remote oversight/takeover available (~99% autonomous historically). Frame as operator-supervised, not no-humans. ~4 mph + exact lidar/radar specs are legacy specs, not re-cited in the Apr 2026 release."}],"specs":"Starship Bot: six-wheeled insulated-cargo autonomous sidewalk delivery robot at low speed (~4 mph, legacy spec) with multi-sensor fusion (cameras + radar + ultrasonics + GPS; lidar on some configs). Operator-supervised Level 4 on sidewalks: runs autonomously with remote human oversight/takeover available. Operational scale (Apr 2026, Starship-direct): 10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries, 3,000+ robots, 300+ service areas across 8 countries, 65+ US university campuses, 22M+ autonomous km, ~125,000 road crossings/day. Captive operator-supervised SERVICE model: Starship operates its own fleet and integrates with delivery apps (Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, Wolt) plus grocers/retailers; does NOT sell robots to third parties.","battery":"1260 Wh","runtime":"12 h","max_speed":"6 km/h","weight_kg":35,"formFactor":"sidewalk (six-wheeled operator-supervised L4 sidewalk delivery robot; captive delivery-service model)","payload_kg":10},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship passes 10 million autonomous deliveries; 3,000+ robots, 300+ locations, 8 countries, 65+ US campuses (Apr 28 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship raises $50M Series C, led by Plural; >$280M cumulative; 2,700+ robots (Oct 15 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/skype-co-founders-launch-a-company-with-a-mission-to-make-local-delivery-free/","title":"Skype co-founders (Ahti Heinla + Janus Friis) launch Starship (founders + Skype heritage)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies Raises $50M Series C to Scale Autonomous Delivery (wire mirror)","sourceName":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/starship-technologies-obtains-series-c-funding-for-autonomous-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies obtains Series C funding (independent corroboration)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/about/","title":"Starship about: last-mile delivery service; SF HQ, Tallinn + Helsinki engineering; captive fleet","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://starshipdeliveries.com/industry/","title":"Starship Robot Specifications","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"}],"aliases":["Starship Bot","Starship delivery robot","Starship Technologies robot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Operating speed","value":"~4 mph (legacy spec)"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"Operator-supervised Level 4 with remote human oversight/takeover available"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"Cameras, radar, ultrasonics, GPS; lidar on some configs"},{"label":"Cumulative deliveries","value":"10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries (Apr 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"3,000+ robots"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.476Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:19:28.916Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":2000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":2000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","label":"passed 10 million deliveries"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/25/starship-technologies-picks-up-e50m-from-the-eus-investment-arm-to-expand-its-fleet-of-autonomous-delivery-robots/","label":"expand its fleet"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"supervised","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","versionId":null,"locationId":"cea5e4ff-fc39-47e7-a41b-aef5603ae6b9","operatorId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","ownerId":null,"slug":"starship-manchester-uk","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":10,"siteType":"retail","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-and-co-op-extend-partnership-to-bring-robot-food-delivery-to-greater-manchester/","name":"Starship Technologies","title":"Starship and Co-op extend to Greater Manchester"}],"notes":"Starship and Co-op extended partnership to Greater Manchester, delivering from Co-op stores to Trafford.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-14T14:26:56.134Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:10.240Z"},"company":{"id":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","name":"Starship Technologies","slug":"starship","description":"Autonomous delivery vehicle company founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (CEO) and Janus Friis. [Starship](/companies/starship) Technologies developed the world's first autonomous sidewalk delivery robot, completing over 8 million autonomous deliveries across 50+ US college campuses and cities. Raised $50M Series C in October 2025, bringing total funding to $80M+. The fleet of 2,700+ robots operates at Level 4 autonomy (99% autonomous) for Uber Eats and campus delivery. Originally founded in Estonia, now HQ in San Francisco.","status":"private","founded":2014,"hq":"San Francisco, CA","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:49:36.770Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"starship.xyz","fundingTotal":"50000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz","label":"Starship Technologies — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Technologies","label":"Wikipedia — Starship Technologies"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies (official) - passes 10 million autonomous L4 deliveries; 3,000+ robots across 300+ locations in 8 countries (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship Technologies (official) - raises $50M Series C to scale autonomous delivery across US cities (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies raises $50M Series C to scale autonomous delivery across US cities (Oct 15, 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (Business Wire)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251120298420/en/Starship-Technologies-and-Uber-Eats-Launch-Autonomous-Delivery-Partnership","title":"Starship Technologies and Uber Eats launch autonomous delivery partnership (Nov 20, 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (Business Wire)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-and-uber-eats-launch-autonomous-delivery-partnership/","title":"Starship Technologies and Uber Eats launch autonomous delivery partnership (Nov 2025)","sourceName":"Starship (official)"},{"url":"https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/technology/starship-technologies-raises-50m-robot-delivery-race-revs","title":"Starship Technologies raises $50M as robot delivery race revs up (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Restaurant Business"},{"url":"https://www.pymnts.com/partnerships/2025/uber-eats-and-starship-to-launch-autonomous-sidewalk-robot-delivery-in-december/","title":"Uber Eats and Starship to launch autonomous sidewalk robot delivery in December (Nov 2025)","sourceName":"PYMNTS"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grubhub-and-starship-technologies-partner-to-bring-robot-delivery-services-to-college-campuses-301645087.html","title":"Grubhub and Starship Technologies partner to bring robot delivery to college campuses (Oct 2022)","sourceName":"Starship/Grubhub (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://about.grubhub.com/news/grubhub-and-starship-technologies-partner-to-bring-robot-delivery-services-to-college-campuses/","title":"Grubhub and Starship Technologies partner on campus robot delivery (Oct 2022)","sourceName":"Grubhub (official)"},{"url":"https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/story/2025/04/starship-technologies-surpasses-8-million-deliveries/24613/","title":"Starship Technologies surpasses 8 million autonomous deliveries (Apr 2025)","sourceName":"Robotics Tomorrow"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Robots","value":"L4 autonomous sidewalk delivery robots (~2-mile radius)"},{"label":"Primary markets","value":"University campuses, grocery retailers, delivery apps, industrial sites"},{"label":"Geography","value":"US and Europe"},{"label":"Navigation","value":"Radar, cameras, sensors + machine learning"},{"label":"HQ","value":"San Francisco, CA (founded 2014; Skype co-founders' lineage)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ahti Heinla"},{"label":"Co-founder","value":"Janus Friis (Skype co-founder)"},{"label":"Series C","value":"0M (October 2025)"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"80M+"},{"label":"Deliveries","value":"7M+ autonomous deliveries completed"},{"label":"Partners","value":"Uber Eats, university campuses"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Starship_Robot_Side_View.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 4.0)"},{"label":"Campus-to-city pivot","value":"1,200 robots pulled from US university campuses to focus on city grocery delivery (July 2026) — corridor signal: depot model shifting from campus to urban"},{"label":"10M deliveries milestone","value":"Surpassed 10 million autonomous deliveries (Feb 2026)"},{"label":"Just Eat partnership","value":"Just Eat partnership — UK expansion including Barnsley 'Tech Town' (Feb 2026)"},{"label":"US city expansion funding","value":"$50M raised to bring Starship robots to US cities, expanding from European grocery and American campus operations"},{"label":"Total deliveries","value":"8M+ autonomous deliveries"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"2,700+ robots"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.397Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:32:07.238Z"}},{"id":"1570fb0f-67fb-4ebe-b081-e3efd981a58d","slug":"fda-510k-momentis-anovo-multiport-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FDA grants 510(k) clearance to Momentis Surgical Anovo system for multiport surgery, first platform supporting all three surgical access approaches","summary":"The U.S. FDA granted 510(k) clearance for the multiport configuration of Momentis Surgical's Anovo Surgical System on July 23, 2026. The clearance makes Anovo the first robotic surgical platform capable of supporting natural orifice, single-port, and multiport procedures on a single system, expanding the platform beyond its previously cleared indications.","occurredAt":"2026-07-23T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"1b6216e1-4bc9-4e82-9185-67b1117341d6","deploymentId":"7e246b73-25d2-4872-9ada-0966f37c5524","companyId":"febb0fc1-a961-4d6c-88b7-3d870c63bc4d","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-25T14:08:09.385Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"1b6216e1-4bc9-4e82-9185-67b1117341d6","companyId":"febb0fc1-a961-4d6c-88b7-3d870c63bc4d","modelName":"ANOVO","slug":"momentis-anovo","description":"Miniaturized robotic surgical system for transvaginal benign gynecological procedures and general surgery. Features 2-armed, 360-degree articulating robotic instruments designed to mimic human arms, with haptic feedback and dual-mode articulation in the second generation. FDA 510(k) cleared for gynecological and general surgery indications.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/momentis-surgical-receives-fda-510k-clearance-for-second-generation-anovo-robotic-platform-introducing-haptic-feedback-and-dual-mode-articulation-302301074.html","name":"PR Newswire"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"Surgical robot (miniaturized, 2-armed)"},{"label":"Articulation","value":"360-degree, dual-mode"},{"label":"Haptic feedback","value":"Second generation"},{"label":"FDA 510(k)","value":"Cleared — gynecology + general surgery"},{"label":"Deployments","value":"HCA Florida Northwest, Medical City Plano, Lee Health"}],"createdAt":"2026-07-18T12:44:05.901Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T03:57:34.330Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"7e246b73-25d2-4872-9ada-0966f37c5524","modelId":"1b6216e1-4bc9-4e82-9185-67b1117341d6","versionId":null,"locationId":"a0f67f2d-3375-45a6-b5b9-fa64aa1718dc","operatorId":"febb0fc1-a961-4d6c-88b7-3d870c63bc4d","ownerId":null,"slug":"momentis-anovo-fort-myers-florida-usa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/momentis-announces-lee-health-adopts-anovo-surgical-system-for-robotic-assisted-benign-gynecological-surgeries-301622751.html","title":"Momentis Announces Lee Health Adopts ANOVO Surgical System for Robotic-Assisted Benign Gynecological Surgeries","sourceName":"PR Newswire (Momentis Surgical)","publishedAt":"2022-09-13"}],"notes":"Lee Health adopted the ANOVO Surgical System for robotic-assisted benign gynecological surgeries.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-18T12:50:18.074Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:22:36.561Z"},"company":{"id":"febb0fc1-a961-4d6c-88b7-3d870c63bc4d","name":"Momentis Surgical","slug":"momentis-surgical","description":"Israeli surgical robotics company developing the ANOVO™ Robotic Surgical System, a miniaturized platform for transvaginal benign gynecological procedures and general surgery. ANOVO features 2-armed, 360-degree articulating robotic instruments designed to mimic human arms with haptic feedback. The second-generation ANOVO received FDA 510(k) clearance, introducing haptic feedback and dual-mode articulation. Deployed at hospitals including HCA Florida Northwest Hospital, Medical City Plano (Texas), and Lee Health (Florida). Competes with [Intuitive Surgical](/companies/intuitive-surgical) in the robotic surgery market.","status":"private","founded":2012,"hq":"Yokne'am Illit, Israel","hqLat":32.667226,"hqLng":35.10539,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-23T21:28:12.890Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"momentissurgical.com","fundingTotal":"399000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://southfloridahospitalnews.com","label":"South Florida Hospital News"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"CEO","value":"Dvir Cohen (Co-Founder, since October 2013)"},{"label":"Product","value":"ANOVO™ Robotic Surgical System"},{"label":"FDA 510(k)","value":"First gen: gynecological procedures; Second gen: haptic feedback + dual-mode articulation + general surgery"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"$128-133M (7 rounds)"},{"label":"Financial stage","value":"Growth — initial revenues, Series E stage"},{"label":"Employees","value":"~65 (49 in Israel)"},{"label":"Deployments","value":"HCA Florida Northwest Hospital, Medical City Plano, Lee Health"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-18T12:44:05.124Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:30:33.787Z"}},{"id":"ada90357-9190-4258-8ab1-66e9208ba4b8","slug":"tesla-robotaxi-wrong-way-tampa-jul-2026","kind":"traffic_disruption","headline":"Tesla robotaxi seen going wrong way down one-way street in Tampa one day after driverless service launch","summary":"A Tesla robotaxi was spotted driving the wrong way down a one-way street (North Armenia Avenue at West Cypress Street in West Tampa) on July 22, 2026, just one day after Tesla launched its driverless taxi service in Tampa. Dashcam video submitted by a driver showed multiple drivers swerving around the driverless vehicle, which was stopped in the middle of the road with no one behind the wheel. A robotaxi logo was visible on the passenger side of the Tesla.","occurredAt":"2026-07-22T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T13:07:45.425Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Cybercab","slug":"tesla-cybercab","description":"The Tesla Cybercab is a purpose-built two-seat autonomous robotaxi vehicle that Tesla unveiled on October 10 2024 at its 'We, Robot' event. It has no steering wheel or pedals, two upward-opening butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, and a single roughly 20.5-inch center display, and it relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar). Tesla has stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and, on its Q1 2026 earnings call, that Cybercab production has 'just started' with volume production targeted in 2026; Tesla's own Q1 2026 SEC filing characterizes the status as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas, and the production-start evidence rests on Tesla's statements and controlled footage rather than independent verification. The Cybercab is NOT the vehicle behind Tesla's deployed Robotaxi service, which launched in Austin in June 2025 on regular Model Y cars with safety monitors. As of mid-2026 there are no verified consumer transactions, purchase pathway, warranty terms, or real-world Cybercab deployment; the registry records it at research maturity (no verified real-world operation), with production and pricing claims tracked as stated, not demonstrated.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"doors":"2 upward-opening butterfly doors (auto-open, no handles)","lidar":"no lidar or radar","notes":[{"label":"Unveiled","value":"Revealed October 10 2024 at Tesla's 'We, Robot' event (Warner Bros studio); about 20 Cybercab units gave demonstration rides on a closed lot."},{"label":"Design (verified)","value":"Purpose-built two-seat robotaxi: no steering wheel or pedals, two butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, a single ~20.5-inch center display, no side mirrors or rear window."},{"label":"Price (stated target)","value":"Musk stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and an operating-cost claim near $0.20/mile. A target, not a realized price; no consumer order or reservation pathway exists as of mid-2026."},{"label":"Production status (verified-vs-claimed)","value":"Tesla's Q1 2026 SEC 10-Q characterizes the Cybercab as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026) - a MANUFACTURING status. On the Q1 2026 earnings call Musk said production has 'just started' and projected volume production in 2026 (a claim/target). Production-start evidence rests on Tesla's own statements and Tesla-controlled footage, not independent verification. Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Not the deployed robotaxi vehicle","value":"Tesla's actual Robotaxi service (launched Austin, June 2025; see model tesla-robotaxi) runs on regular Model Y vehicles with safety monitors and remote operators, NOT the Cybercab. The Cybercab is the purpose-built vehicle that has not yet entered real-world robotaxi operation. Musk has used 'robotaxi' and 'Cybercab' interchangeably, which is a frequent source of confusion."},{"label":"Autonomy (camera-only FSD)","value":"Cybercab relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar; see brain tesla-fsd-bot). A May 2026 Reuters investigation reported Tesla's FSD safety statistics are methodologically flawed (challenged by 10 of 11 researchers) and that Tesla pre-maps its robotaxi zones, contradicting earlier 'no mapping' claims; unsupervised FSD has faced delays."},{"label":"Tesla product-family disambiguation","value":"Distinct from Tesla Optimus (humanoid; see tesla-optimus) and from Tesla's FSD AI stack (brain tesla-fsd-bot). Cybercab is the purpose-built AV vehicle line; the registry classifies it form_factor=av (NHTSA/DMV-governed road vehicle), cohorting with robotaxi AVs (Waymo, Zoox, Apollo Go) rather than with humanoids."},{"label":"Honest absence (June 2026)","value":"No verified consumer transactions, no published purchase pathway, no published warranty or service terms, and no verified real-world Cybercab deployment or deliveries. Registry maturity=research reflects the absence of any verified real-world operation despite early (pilot-stage) manufacturing."}],"range":"280 mi","battery":"48 kWh","display":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen","seating":"2 passengers","autonomy":"Tesla camera-only Full Self-Driving (FSD); no lidar or radar; 'unsupervised' autonomy intended","charging":"inductive / wireless (no charge port)","controls":"no steering wheel or pedals","weight_kg":1412,"formFactor":"av (purpose-built two-seat road robotaxi)","battery_kwh":"~35 kWh","batteryRange":"planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)","sensor_suite":"camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar)","exteriorOmissions":"no side mirrors, no rear window"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","title":"Tesla 'We, Robot' event (Cybercab unveiling, Oct 10 2024)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/10/tesla-reveals-20-cybercabs-at-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla reveals 20 Cybercabs at We, Robot; sub-$30k claim, no wheel/pedals, inductive charging","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/10/elon-musk-hypes-a-30000-tesla-cybercab-robovan-at-robotaxi-event.html","title":"Musk hypes $30,000 Cybercab at robotaxi event (design + price target)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000162828026026551/exhibit991.htm","title":"Tesla Q1 FY2026 8-K exhibit (Cybercab 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-24/musk-says-tesla-has-begun-production-of-its-cybercab-robotaxi","title":"Tesla starts Cybercab production, Musk says (claimed-not-verified framing)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/23/tesla-cybercab-production-starts-no-nhtsa-2500-vehicle-cap/","title":"Tesla confirms Cybercab production started despite unsupervised-FSD delays; self-certified to FMVSS","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://news.alphastreet.com/tesla-inc-tsla-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/","title":"Tesla Q1 2026 earnings call (Musk: 'just started production'; volume production targeted 2026)","sourceName":"AlphaStreet (Tesla transcript)"},{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/whats-the-difference-between-teslas-cybercab-and-robotaxi-2000724073","title":"Difference between Cybercab and Robotaxi (deployed service runs on Model Y, not Cybercab)","sourceName":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/22/tesla-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-austin-with-big-promises-and-unanswered-questions/","title":"Tesla launches Austin robotaxi on Model Y with safety monitors (June 2025; not Cybercab)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/28/tesla-fsd-safety-stats-misleading-reuters-investigation/","title":"Reuters: Tesla's camera-only FSD safety stats challenged; robotaxi zones pre-mapped","sourceName":"Electrek (Reuters investigation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab","title":"Tesla Cybercab","sourceName":"Wikipedia"}],"aliases":["Tesla Cybercab","Cybercab"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Seating","value":"2 passengers"},{"label":"Price","value":"Below $30,000 (stated target)"},{"label":"Display","value":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen"},{"label":"Battery range","value":"Planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)"},{"label":"Production status","value":"Pilot Production at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026)"},{"label":"FMVSS","value":"Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Calibration","value":"Cybercabs retrofitted with steering wheels/pedals for calibration miles before unsupervised operation"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Musk: 'hardest product to scale manufacturing' — everything on the robot is new"},{"label":"Price target","value":"$25,000 per unit (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Operating cost","value":"Sub-$0.20 per mile (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Production rate target","value":"1 per 10 seconds (would be fastest auto production ever)"},{"label":"Production start","value":"April 2026 at Giga Texas"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Was targeted for 2026."},{"label":"App features (v26.6.0)","value":"Gesture-based seat controls, drag climate, hold-to-open powered doors w/ e-stop, phone media remote (music + Netflix)"},{"label":"Cybercab controls","value":"No steering wheel/pedals — gesture seat incline/recline, bench controls, drag climate, powered doors with emergency stop"},{"label":"Public launch (announced)","value":"Aug 2026: Tesla preparing public Cybercab launch in Austin, starting with employee rides on public roads. Winners to attend launch event announced by Aug 25. Regulators don't currently allow commercial steering-wheel-free robotaxis (per Mashable/The Information)."},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Unboxed process — large sub-assemblies built in parallel before final merge"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"Tesla holding back Model Y robotaxi conversions, confident in Cybercab near-term scaling"},{"label":"Form factor strategy","value":"Cybercab is initial form factor; additional vehicle types expected (robovan demo referenced)"},{"label":"FSD V15","value":"Step-change upgrade with 7 core technologies, 40% tested in robotaxi fleet. AI4.5: 10% higher FLOPS, 2x memory"},"Price=Under $30,000 (Musk confirmed, due before 2027)","Design=Two-passenger, no steering wheel or pedals, wireless charging","Production=Begins 2026, anticipated customer deliveries end of 2026","Compute=Tesla AI5 chip (in-house, TSMC/Samsung fabrication)","Sensor suite=Camera-only (Tesla vision-only philosophy, no LiDAR)","Robotaxi model=Autonomous ride-hailing network; Tesla operates fleet","Robovan concept=Separate 20-seat autonomous vehicle also announced"],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T14:39:35.678Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:31.241Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"8a5eca1b-77bc-445a-9fce-3301890f6c87","slug":"fda-de-novo-ottava-surgical-system-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FDA grants De Novo authorization to Johnson & Johnson OTTAVA robotic surgical system for multiple soft tissue procedures","summary":"The U.S. FDA granted De Novo marketing authorization to Johnson & Johnson's OTTAVA Robotic Surgical System, the world's first table-integrated soft tissue robotic system, on July 22, 2026. The clearance covers multiple general surgery procedures including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastrectomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy, gastric sleeve, small bowel resection, appendectomy, lysis of adhesions, fundoplication, and hiatal hernia repair. J&J plans a phased commercial launch with select U.S. customers.","occurredAt":"2026-07-22T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","deploymentId":"beb27823-63d3-42a5-aaf1-b8d762d29fd6","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-25T14:08:06.339Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","companyId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","modelName":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava","slug":"ottava-surgical","description":"Next-generation surgical robot in development by J&J/Ethicon. 6-arm configuration, general surgery focus.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":"healthcare","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/","title":"J&J","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":"reverified 2026-06-09 (Kimi-incident remediation): cited primary source resolves and matches manufacturer/reputable domain; relevance adjudicated.","manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"MONATCH bronchoscopic robot, OTTAVA surgical robotics"},{"label":"Status","value":"Pre-market: FDA De Novo submitted Jan 7 2026; NOT cleared; zero installed base."},{"label":"Stock listing","value":"NYSE: JNJ"},{"label":"Developing division","value":"MedTech/Ethicon"},{"label":"Company type","value":"Global healthcare company"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"\\8B (2025, NYSE: JNJ)"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:22.195Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.291Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"beb27823-63d3-42a5-aaf1-b8d762d29fd6","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","versionId":null,"locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","operatorId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","ownerId":null,"slug":"johnson-and-johnson-ottava-fda-clearance-2026","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://seekingalpha.com/2026/07/22/jnj-ottava-fda","title":"Intuitive Surgical, Medtronic down as J&J wins FDA nod for surgical robot"}],"notes":"Johnson & Johnson won FDA clearance for Ottava surgical robot, new competitor to Intuitive Surgical. Intuitive Surgical and Medtronic stock both dropped on news.","keyFacts":[{"label":"FDA clearance","value":"Granted 2026"},{"label":"Competitor","value":"Intuitive Surgical da Vinci"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:26.537Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-17T04:53:36.223Z"},"company":null},{"id":"c15509a8-2033-4288-9595-72803331b8e2","slug":"fda-510k-jnj-ottava-surgical-robot-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FDA clears Johnson & Johnson Ottava robotic surgical system for soft tissue surgeries","summary":"The FDA authorized Johnson & Johnson's Ottava Robotic Surgical System for multiple soft tissue surgeries including gastric bypass, gastrectomy, cholecystectomy, and hiatal hernia repair. The table-integrated four-arm robot competes with Intuitive Surgical's da Vinci and Medtronic's Hugo. J&J plans a phased commercial launch with select U.S. customers.","occurredAt":"2026-07-22T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","deploymentId":"da0abbc7-af41-47b9-bd2a-beb526f12be7","companyId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-27T14:05:31.784Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","companyId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","modelName":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava","slug":"ottava-surgical","description":"Next-generation surgical robot in development by J&J/Ethicon. 6-arm configuration, general surgery focus.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":"healthcare","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/","title":"J&J","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":"reverified 2026-06-09 (Kimi-incident remediation): cited primary source resolves and matches manufacturer/reputable domain; relevance adjudicated.","manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"MONATCH bronchoscopic robot, OTTAVA surgical robotics"},{"label":"Status","value":"Pre-market: FDA De Novo submitted Jan 7 2026; NOT cleared; zero installed base."},{"label":"Stock listing","value":"NYSE: JNJ"},{"label":"Developing division","value":"MedTech/Ethicon"},{"label":"Company type","value":"Global healthcare company"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"\\8B (2025, NYSE: JNJ)"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:22.195Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.291Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"da0abbc7-af41-47b9-bd2a-beb526f12be7","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","versionId":null,"locationId":"8706237d-0d1a-4343-a5a9-e013de231226","operatorId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","ownerId":null,"slug":"ottava-development-hq","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/","title":"J&J","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava surgical robot in development phase. No commercial deployment as of 2026. Honest-absence.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava surgical robot"},{"label":"Status","value":"In development phase"},{"label":"Start","value":"No commercial deployment as of 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:41.827Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:40.653Z"},"company":{"id":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","name":"Johnson & Johnson","slug":"johnson-and-johnson","description":"Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) is a global healthcare and pharmaceutical company with a surgical robotics division that develops the MONARCH platform for bronchoscopic procedures and the OTTAVA surgical robotics system. The company's robotics portfolio spans robotic-assisted surgery, [Digital surgery](/companies/digital-surgery), and minimally invasive interventions.","status":"public (NYSE: JNJ)","founded":1886,"hq":"New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA","hqLat":40.4936119,"hqLng":-74.4436416,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:35:14.025Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"jnj.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/media-center/press-releases/johnson-johnson-submits-ottava-robotic-surgical-system-to-the-u-s-food-and-drug-administration","title":"J&J submits Ottava to FDA (De Novo, Jan 7 2026; 'not authorized to be marketed')","sourceName":"Johnson & Johnson (official)"},{"url":"https://www.medtechdive.com/news/jnj-layoffs-auris-california-robotic/644544/","title":"J&J robotics layoffs + Ottava delays (history/context)","sourceName":"MedTech Dive"},{"url":"https://www.fiercebiotech.com/medtech/jj-to-take-over-verb-surgical-its-robotics-venture-verily","title":"J&J takes over Verb Surgical (Ottava lineage)","sourceName":"FierceBiotech"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"MONATCH bronchoscopic robot, OTTAVA surgical robotics"},{"label":"Status","value":"Pre-market: FDA De Novo submitted Jan 7 2026; NOT cleared; zero installed base."},{"label":"Stock listing","value":"NYSE: JNJ"},{"label":"Developing division","value":"MedTech/Ethicon"},{"label":"Company type","value":"Global healthcare company"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"\\8B (2025, NYSE: JNJ)"}],"aliases":["J&J","JNJ","J&J MedTech","Ethicon"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"JNJ","stockExchange":"NYSE","secCik":"0000200406","revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-03T20:12:18.092Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:28.665Z"}},{"id":"0ef151fe-51d8-4706-af5e-37116f8cfd74","slug":"fda-jj-ottava-denovo-jul2026","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FDA grants De Novo marketing authorization to J&J Ottava surgical robot","summary":"On July 22, 2026, the FDA granted De Novo marketing authorization to Johnson and Johnson MedTech for its Ottava robotically-assisted surgical system, clearing the company to enter the US soft-tissue robotic surgery market. Ottava integrates robotic arms into the operating table, reducing footprint by 30-50 percent versus conventional cart-mounted systems. J&J plans a phased commercial launch with clinician training.","occurredAt":"2026-07-22T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","deploymentId":"beb27823-63d3-42a5-aaf1-b8d762d29fd6","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T13:22:08.470Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T04:49:44.945Z","model":{"id":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","companyId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","modelName":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava","slug":"ottava-surgical","description":"Next-generation surgical robot in development by J&J/Ethicon. 6-arm configuration, general surgery focus.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":"healthcare","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/","title":"J&J","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":"reverified 2026-06-09 (Kimi-incident remediation): cited primary source resolves and matches manufacturer/reputable domain; relevance adjudicated.","manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"MONATCH bronchoscopic robot, OTTAVA surgical robotics"},{"label":"Status","value":"Pre-market: FDA De Novo submitted Jan 7 2026; NOT cleared; zero installed base."},{"label":"Stock listing","value":"NYSE: JNJ"},{"label":"Developing division","value":"MedTech/Ethicon"},{"label":"Company type","value":"Global healthcare company"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"\\8B (2025, NYSE: JNJ)"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:22.195Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.291Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"beb27823-63d3-42a5-aaf1-b8d762d29fd6","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","versionId":null,"locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","operatorId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","ownerId":null,"slug":"johnson-and-johnson-ottava-fda-clearance-2026","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://seekingalpha.com/2026/07/22/jnj-ottava-fda","title":"Intuitive Surgical, Medtronic down as J&J wins FDA nod for surgical robot"}],"notes":"Johnson & Johnson won FDA clearance for Ottava surgical robot, new competitor to Intuitive Surgical. Intuitive Surgical and Medtronic stock both dropped on news.","keyFacts":[{"label":"FDA clearance","value":"Granted 2026"},{"label":"Competitor","value":"Intuitive Surgical da Vinci"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:26.537Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-17T04:53:36.223Z"},"company":null},{"id":"69fbe692-f287-41c9-8174-8df0588e7ea7","slug":"fda-de-novo-jnj-ottava-clearance","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FDA clears J&J Ottava surgical robot for US launch following de novo submission","summary":"Johnson & Johnson received FDA clearance for its Ottava surgical robot for US launch, following a de novo submission in January 2026 and successful FORTE clinical study results in bariatric surgery. Ottava incorporates four robotic arms into a standard-size surgical table and targets general surgery procedures in the upper abdomen.","occurredAt":"2026-07-22T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","deploymentId":"da0abbc7-af41-47b9-bd2a-beb526f12be7","companyId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T14:06:17.141Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","companyId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","modelName":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava","slug":"ottava-surgical","description":"Next-generation surgical robot in development by J&J/Ethicon. 6-arm configuration, general surgery focus.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":"healthcare","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/","title":"J&J","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":"reverified 2026-06-09 (Kimi-incident remediation): cited primary source resolves and matches manufacturer/reputable domain; relevance adjudicated.","manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"MONATCH bronchoscopic robot, OTTAVA surgical robotics"},{"label":"Status","value":"Pre-market: FDA De Novo submitted Jan 7 2026; NOT cleared; zero installed base."},{"label":"Stock listing","value":"NYSE: JNJ"},{"label":"Developing division","value":"MedTech/Ethicon"},{"label":"Company type","value":"Global healthcare company"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"\\8B (2025, NYSE: JNJ)"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:22.195Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.291Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"da0abbc7-af41-47b9-bd2a-beb526f12be7","modelId":"97e94523-dc0c-45cf-be22-77e509e09e1b","versionId":null,"locationId":"8706237d-0d1a-4343-a5a9-e013de231226","operatorId":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","ownerId":null,"slug":"ottava-development-hq","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/","title":"J&J","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava surgical robot in development phase. No commercial deployment as of 2026. Honest-absence.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Johnson & Johnson Ottava surgical robot"},{"label":"Status","value":"In development phase"},{"label":"Start","value":"No commercial deployment as of 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:41.827Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:40.653Z"},"company":{"id":"766676f2-56d0-4910-81dc-03703d6c9c40","name":"Johnson & Johnson","slug":"johnson-and-johnson","description":"Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) is a global healthcare and pharmaceutical company with a surgical robotics division that develops the MONARCH platform for bronchoscopic procedures and the OTTAVA surgical robotics system. The company's robotics portfolio spans robotic-assisted surgery, [Digital surgery](/companies/digital-surgery), and minimally invasive interventions.","status":"public (NYSE: JNJ)","founded":1886,"hq":"New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA","hqLat":40.4936119,"hqLng":-74.4436416,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:35:14.025Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"jnj.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.jnj.com/media-center/press-releases/johnson-johnson-submits-ottava-robotic-surgical-system-to-the-u-s-food-and-drug-administration","title":"J&J submits Ottava to FDA (De Novo, Jan 7 2026; 'not authorized to be marketed')","sourceName":"Johnson & Johnson (official)"},{"url":"https://www.medtechdive.com/news/jnj-layoffs-auris-california-robotic/644544/","title":"J&J robotics layoffs + Ottava delays (history/context)","sourceName":"MedTech Dive"},{"url":"https://www.fiercebiotech.com/medtech/jj-to-take-over-verb-surgical-its-robotics-venture-verily","title":"J&J takes over Verb Surgical (Ottava lineage)","sourceName":"FierceBiotech"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"MONATCH bronchoscopic robot, OTTAVA surgical robotics"},{"label":"Status","value":"Pre-market: FDA De Novo submitted Jan 7 2026; NOT cleared; zero installed base."},{"label":"Stock listing","value":"NYSE: JNJ"},{"label":"Developing division","value":"MedTech/Ethicon"},{"label":"Company type","value":"Global healthcare company"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"\\8B (2025, NYSE: JNJ)"}],"aliases":["J&J","JNJ","J&J MedTech","Ethicon"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"JNJ","stockExchange":"NYSE","secCik":"0000200406","revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-03T20:12:18.092Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:28.665Z"}},{"id":"e0b60f5e-7bce-46f0-b3dd-db5026688dec","slug":"tesla-fsd-france-blocked-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"France blocks Tesla FSD Supervised approval over safety concerns","summary":"France's Transport Minister Philippe Tabarot rejected Tesla FSD Supervised under Article 39 exemption, citing two safety issues: (1) system allows speeding by matching traffic speed without driver request, (2) insufficient driver attentiveness in urban maneuvers like roundabouts. Tesla counters with 12B+ miles data showing 2x safety vs human driving. FSD already approved in 5 EU countries (Netherlands, Belgium, others) with 50M km driven. France plans industry summit fall 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-22T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T13:56:24.294Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:29:22.113Z","model":{"id":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Cybercab","slug":"tesla-cybercab","description":"The Tesla Cybercab is a purpose-built two-seat autonomous robotaxi vehicle that Tesla unveiled on October 10 2024 at its 'We, Robot' event. It has no steering wheel or pedals, two upward-opening butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, and a single roughly 20.5-inch center display, and it relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar). Tesla has stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and, on its Q1 2026 earnings call, that Cybercab production has 'just started' with volume production targeted in 2026; Tesla's own Q1 2026 SEC filing characterizes the status as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas, and the production-start evidence rests on Tesla's statements and controlled footage rather than independent verification. The Cybercab is NOT the vehicle behind Tesla's deployed Robotaxi service, which launched in Austin in June 2025 on regular Model Y cars with safety monitors. As of mid-2026 there are no verified consumer transactions, purchase pathway, warranty terms, or real-world Cybercab deployment; the registry records it at research maturity (no verified real-world operation), with production and pricing claims tracked as stated, not demonstrated.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"doors":"2 upward-opening butterfly doors (auto-open, no handles)","lidar":"no lidar or radar","notes":[{"label":"Unveiled","value":"Revealed October 10 2024 at Tesla's 'We, Robot' event (Warner Bros studio); about 20 Cybercab units gave demonstration rides on a closed lot."},{"label":"Design (verified)","value":"Purpose-built two-seat robotaxi: no steering wheel or pedals, two butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, a single ~20.5-inch center display, no side mirrors or rear window."},{"label":"Price (stated target)","value":"Musk stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and an operating-cost claim near $0.20/mile. A target, not a realized price; no consumer order or reservation pathway exists as of mid-2026."},{"label":"Production status (verified-vs-claimed)","value":"Tesla's Q1 2026 SEC 10-Q characterizes the Cybercab as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026) - a MANUFACTURING status. On the Q1 2026 earnings call Musk said production has 'just started' and projected volume production in 2026 (a claim/target). Production-start evidence rests on Tesla's own statements and Tesla-controlled footage, not independent verification. Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Not the deployed robotaxi vehicle","value":"Tesla's actual Robotaxi service (launched Austin, June 2025; see model tesla-robotaxi) runs on regular Model Y vehicles with safety monitors and remote operators, NOT the Cybercab. The Cybercab is the purpose-built vehicle that has not yet entered real-world robotaxi operation. Musk has used 'robotaxi' and 'Cybercab' interchangeably, which is a frequent source of confusion."},{"label":"Autonomy (camera-only FSD)","value":"Cybercab relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar; see brain tesla-fsd-bot). A May 2026 Reuters investigation reported Tesla's FSD safety statistics are methodologically flawed (challenged by 10 of 11 researchers) and that Tesla pre-maps its robotaxi zones, contradicting earlier 'no mapping' claims; unsupervised FSD has faced delays."},{"label":"Tesla product-family disambiguation","value":"Distinct from Tesla Optimus (humanoid; see tesla-optimus) and from Tesla's FSD AI stack (brain tesla-fsd-bot). Cybercab is the purpose-built AV vehicle line; the registry classifies it form_factor=av (NHTSA/DMV-governed road vehicle), cohorting with robotaxi AVs (Waymo, Zoox, Apollo Go) rather than with humanoids."},{"label":"Honest absence (June 2026)","value":"No verified consumer transactions, no published purchase pathway, no published warranty or service terms, and no verified real-world Cybercab deployment or deliveries. Registry maturity=research reflects the absence of any verified real-world operation despite early (pilot-stage) manufacturing."}],"range":"280 mi","battery":"48 kWh","display":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen","seating":"2 passengers","autonomy":"Tesla camera-only Full Self-Driving (FSD); no lidar or radar; 'unsupervised' autonomy intended","charging":"inductive / wireless (no charge port)","controls":"no steering wheel or pedals","weight_kg":1412,"formFactor":"av (purpose-built two-seat road robotaxi)","battery_kwh":"~35 kWh","batteryRange":"planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)","sensor_suite":"camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar)","exteriorOmissions":"no side mirrors, no rear window"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","title":"Tesla 'We, Robot' event (Cybercab unveiling, Oct 10 2024)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/10/tesla-reveals-20-cybercabs-at-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla reveals 20 Cybercabs at We, Robot; sub-$30k claim, no wheel/pedals, inductive charging","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/10/elon-musk-hypes-a-30000-tesla-cybercab-robovan-at-robotaxi-event.html","title":"Musk hypes $30,000 Cybercab at robotaxi event (design + price target)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000162828026026551/exhibit991.htm","title":"Tesla Q1 FY2026 8-K exhibit (Cybercab 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-24/musk-says-tesla-has-begun-production-of-its-cybercab-robotaxi","title":"Tesla starts Cybercab production, Musk says (claimed-not-verified framing)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/23/tesla-cybercab-production-starts-no-nhtsa-2500-vehicle-cap/","title":"Tesla confirms Cybercab production started despite unsupervised-FSD delays; self-certified to FMVSS","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://news.alphastreet.com/tesla-inc-tsla-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/","title":"Tesla Q1 2026 earnings call (Musk: 'just started production'; volume production targeted 2026)","sourceName":"AlphaStreet (Tesla transcript)"},{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/whats-the-difference-between-teslas-cybercab-and-robotaxi-2000724073","title":"Difference between Cybercab and Robotaxi (deployed service runs on Model Y, not Cybercab)","sourceName":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/22/tesla-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-austin-with-big-promises-and-unanswered-questions/","title":"Tesla launches Austin robotaxi on Model Y with safety monitors (June 2025; not Cybercab)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/28/tesla-fsd-safety-stats-misleading-reuters-investigation/","title":"Reuters: Tesla's camera-only FSD safety stats challenged; robotaxi zones pre-mapped","sourceName":"Electrek (Reuters investigation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab","title":"Tesla Cybercab","sourceName":"Wikipedia"}],"aliases":["Tesla Cybercab","Cybercab"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Seating","value":"2 passengers"},{"label":"Price","value":"Below $30,000 (stated target)"},{"label":"Display","value":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen"},{"label":"Battery range","value":"Planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)"},{"label":"Production status","value":"Pilot Production at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026)"},{"label":"FMVSS","value":"Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Calibration","value":"Cybercabs retrofitted with steering wheels/pedals for calibration miles before unsupervised operation"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Musk: 'hardest product to scale manufacturing' — everything on the robot is new"},{"label":"Price target","value":"$25,000 per unit (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Operating cost","value":"Sub-$0.20 per mile (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Production rate target","value":"1 per 10 seconds (would be fastest auto production ever)"},{"label":"Production start","value":"April 2026 at Giga Texas"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Was targeted for 2026."},{"label":"App features (v26.6.0)","value":"Gesture-based seat controls, drag climate, hold-to-open powered doors w/ e-stop, phone media remote (music + Netflix)"},{"label":"Cybercab controls","value":"No steering wheel/pedals — gesture seat incline/recline, bench controls, drag climate, powered doors with emergency stop"},{"label":"Public launch (announced)","value":"Aug 2026: Tesla preparing public Cybercab launch in Austin, starting with employee rides on public roads. Winners to attend launch event announced by Aug 25. Regulators don't currently allow commercial steering-wheel-free robotaxis (per Mashable/The Information)."},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Unboxed process — large sub-assemblies built in parallel before final merge"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"Tesla holding back Model Y robotaxi conversions, confident in Cybercab near-term scaling"},{"label":"Form factor strategy","value":"Cybercab is initial form factor; additional vehicle types expected (robovan demo referenced)"},{"label":"FSD V15","value":"Step-change upgrade with 7 core technologies, 40% tested in robotaxi fleet. AI4.5: 10% higher FLOPS, 2x memory"},"Price=Under $30,000 (Musk confirmed, due before 2027)","Design=Two-passenger, no steering wheel or pedals, wireless charging","Production=Begins 2026, anticipated customer deliveries end of 2026","Compute=Tesla AI5 chip (in-house, TSMC/Samsung fabrication)","Sensor suite=Camera-only (Tesla vision-only philosophy, no LiDAR)","Robotaxi model=Autonomous ride-hailing network; Tesla operates fleet","Robovan concept=Separate 20-seat autonomous vehicle also announced"],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T14:39:35.678Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:31.241Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"40dfea05-523a-4893-9b48-e9db9d56c9fa","slug":"tesla-robotaxi-houston-remote-operator-tree-stump-2026-07","kind":"collision","headline":"Tesla Robotaxi remote operator crashed vehicle into tree stump in Houston","summary":"Tesla filed four new Robotaxi crash reports with NHTSA, including one where a remote teleoperator took control of a stuck vehicle in Houston and drove it into a tree stump at approximately 8 mph. This is the third documented remote-operator crash, all following a pattern of the autonomous system getting stuck, a human taking over remotely, and the human crashing the vehicle.","occurredAt":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-15T13:09:53.661Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Cybercab","slug":"tesla-cybercab","description":"The Tesla Cybercab is a purpose-built two-seat autonomous robotaxi vehicle that Tesla unveiled on October 10 2024 at its 'We, Robot' event. It has no steering wheel or pedals, two upward-opening butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, and a single roughly 20.5-inch center display, and it relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar). Tesla has stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and, on its Q1 2026 earnings call, that Cybercab production has 'just started' with volume production targeted in 2026; Tesla's own Q1 2026 SEC filing characterizes the status as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas, and the production-start evidence rests on Tesla's statements and controlled footage rather than independent verification. The Cybercab is NOT the vehicle behind Tesla's deployed Robotaxi service, which launched in Austin in June 2025 on regular Model Y cars with safety monitors. As of mid-2026 there are no verified consumer transactions, purchase pathway, warranty terms, or real-world Cybercab deployment; the registry records it at research maturity (no verified real-world operation), with production and pricing claims tracked as stated, not demonstrated.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"doors":"2 upward-opening butterfly doors (auto-open, no handles)","lidar":"no lidar or radar","notes":[{"label":"Unveiled","value":"Revealed October 10 2024 at Tesla's 'We, Robot' event (Warner Bros studio); about 20 Cybercab units gave demonstration rides on a closed lot."},{"label":"Design (verified)","value":"Purpose-built two-seat robotaxi: no steering wheel or pedals, two butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, a single ~20.5-inch center display, no side mirrors or rear window."},{"label":"Price (stated target)","value":"Musk stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and an operating-cost claim near $0.20/mile. A target, not a realized price; no consumer order or reservation pathway exists as of mid-2026."},{"label":"Production status (verified-vs-claimed)","value":"Tesla's Q1 2026 SEC 10-Q characterizes the Cybercab as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026) - a MANUFACTURING status. On the Q1 2026 earnings call Musk said production has 'just started' and projected volume production in 2026 (a claim/target). Production-start evidence rests on Tesla's own statements and Tesla-controlled footage, not independent verification. Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Not the deployed robotaxi vehicle","value":"Tesla's actual Robotaxi service (launched Austin, June 2025; see model tesla-robotaxi) runs on regular Model Y vehicles with safety monitors and remote operators, NOT the Cybercab. The Cybercab is the purpose-built vehicle that has not yet entered real-world robotaxi operation. Musk has used 'robotaxi' and 'Cybercab' interchangeably, which is a frequent source of confusion."},{"label":"Autonomy (camera-only FSD)","value":"Cybercab relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar; see brain tesla-fsd-bot). A May 2026 Reuters investigation reported Tesla's FSD safety statistics are methodologically flawed (challenged by 10 of 11 researchers) and that Tesla pre-maps its robotaxi zones, contradicting earlier 'no mapping' claims; unsupervised FSD has faced delays."},{"label":"Tesla product-family disambiguation","value":"Distinct from Tesla Optimus (humanoid; see tesla-optimus) and from Tesla's FSD AI stack (brain tesla-fsd-bot). Cybercab is the purpose-built AV vehicle line; the registry classifies it form_factor=av (NHTSA/DMV-governed road vehicle), cohorting with robotaxi AVs (Waymo, Zoox, Apollo Go) rather than with humanoids."},{"label":"Honest absence (June 2026)","value":"No verified consumer transactions, no published purchase pathway, no published warranty or service terms, and no verified real-world Cybercab deployment or deliveries. Registry maturity=research reflects the absence of any verified real-world operation despite early (pilot-stage) manufacturing."}],"range":"280 mi","battery":"48 kWh","display":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen","seating":"2 passengers","autonomy":"Tesla camera-only Full Self-Driving (FSD); no lidar or radar; 'unsupervised' autonomy intended","charging":"inductive / wireless (no charge port)","controls":"no steering wheel or pedals","weight_kg":1412,"formFactor":"av (purpose-built two-seat road robotaxi)","battery_kwh":"~35 kWh","batteryRange":"planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)","sensor_suite":"camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar)","exteriorOmissions":"no side mirrors, no rear window"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","title":"Tesla 'We, Robot' event (Cybercab unveiling, Oct 10 2024)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/10/tesla-reveals-20-cybercabs-at-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla reveals 20 Cybercabs at We, Robot; sub-$30k claim, no wheel/pedals, inductive charging","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/10/elon-musk-hypes-a-30000-tesla-cybercab-robovan-at-robotaxi-event.html","title":"Musk hypes $30,000 Cybercab at robotaxi event (design + price target)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000162828026026551/exhibit991.htm","title":"Tesla Q1 FY2026 8-K exhibit (Cybercab 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-24/musk-says-tesla-has-begun-production-of-its-cybercab-robotaxi","title":"Tesla starts Cybercab production, Musk says (claimed-not-verified framing)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/23/tesla-cybercab-production-starts-no-nhtsa-2500-vehicle-cap/","title":"Tesla confirms Cybercab production started despite unsupervised-FSD delays; self-certified to FMVSS","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://news.alphastreet.com/tesla-inc-tsla-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/","title":"Tesla Q1 2026 earnings call (Musk: 'just started production'; volume production targeted 2026)","sourceName":"AlphaStreet (Tesla transcript)"},{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/whats-the-difference-between-teslas-cybercab-and-robotaxi-2000724073","title":"Difference between Cybercab and Robotaxi (deployed service runs on Model Y, not Cybercab)","sourceName":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/22/tesla-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-austin-with-big-promises-and-unanswered-questions/","title":"Tesla launches Austin robotaxi on Model Y with safety monitors (June 2025; not Cybercab)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/28/tesla-fsd-safety-stats-misleading-reuters-investigation/","title":"Reuters: Tesla's camera-only FSD safety stats challenged; robotaxi zones pre-mapped","sourceName":"Electrek (Reuters investigation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab","title":"Tesla Cybercab","sourceName":"Wikipedia"}],"aliases":["Tesla Cybercab","Cybercab"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Seating","value":"2 passengers"},{"label":"Price","value":"Below $30,000 (stated target)"},{"label":"Display","value":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen"},{"label":"Battery range","value":"Planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)"},{"label":"Production status","value":"Pilot Production at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026)"},{"label":"FMVSS","value":"Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Calibration","value":"Cybercabs retrofitted with steering wheels/pedals for calibration miles before unsupervised operation"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Musk: 'hardest product to scale manufacturing' — everything on the robot is new"},{"label":"Price target","value":"$25,000 per unit (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Operating cost","value":"Sub-$0.20 per mile (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Production rate target","value":"1 per 10 seconds (would be fastest auto production ever)"},{"label":"Production start","value":"April 2026 at Giga Texas"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Was targeted for 2026."},{"label":"App features (v26.6.0)","value":"Gesture-based seat controls, drag climate, hold-to-open powered doors w/ e-stop, phone media remote (music + Netflix)"},{"label":"Cybercab controls","value":"No steering wheel/pedals — gesture seat incline/recline, bench controls, drag climate, powered doors with emergency stop"},{"label":"Public launch (announced)","value":"Aug 2026: Tesla preparing public Cybercab launch in Austin, starting with employee rides on public roads. Winners to attend launch event announced by Aug 25. Regulators don't currently allow commercial steering-wheel-free robotaxis (per Mashable/The Information)."},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Unboxed process — large sub-assemblies built in parallel before final merge"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"Tesla holding back Model Y robotaxi conversions, confident in Cybercab near-term scaling"},{"label":"Form factor strategy","value":"Cybercab is initial form factor; additional vehicle types expected (robovan demo referenced)"},{"label":"FSD V15","value":"Step-change upgrade with 7 core technologies, 40% tested in robotaxi fleet. AI4.5: 10% higher FLOPS, 2x memory"},"Price=Under $30,000 (Musk confirmed, due before 2027)","Design=Two-passenger, no steering wheel or pedals, wireless charging","Production=Begins 2026, anticipated customer deliveries end of 2026","Compute=Tesla AI5 chip (in-house, TSMC/Samsung fabrication)","Sensor suite=Camera-only (Tesla vision-only philosophy, no LiDAR)","Robotaxi model=Autonomous ride-hailing network; Tesla operates fleet","Robovan concept=Separate 20-seat autonomous vehicle also announced"],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T14:39:35.678Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:31.241Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"b661763c-7694-4cd5-9338-93a956d53c0f","slug":"tesla-robotaxi-houston-teleoperator-tree-stump-2026-07","kind":"collision","headline":"Tesla Robotaxi teleoperator drove vehicle into tree stump in Houston, NHTSA data shows","summary":"Tesla filed four new Robotaxi crash reports with NHTSA in July 2026. In the most notable Houston incident, a remote teleoperator took control of an autonomous vehicle that had gotten stuck and drove it into a tree stump. This is the third documented remote-operator crash following a recurring pattern: the autonomous system gets stuck, a human takes over remotely, and the human crashes the car.","occurredAt":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"acknowledged","regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-18T19:31:11.807Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"679931ae-d371-4484-bdea-d1d8c0e809bc","slug":"tesla-robotaxi-houston-tree-stump-2026-07","kind":"collision","headline":"Tesla Robotaxi remote operator crashed into tree stump in Houston","summary":"Tesla filed four new Robotaxi crash reports with NHTSA; the most notable involved a remote assistance operator driving a Model Y into a hidden tree stump on a dead-end residential road in Houston at 2 mph while recovering the vehicle. Property damage only, no injuries, no airbag deployment. This is the third crash Tesla has reported involving a human remote operator causing the collision.","occurredAt":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-19T19:36:57.710Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"ad9330f2-eced-4378-ae75-ac9736adda84","slug":"tesla-robotaxi-houston-teleoperator-crash-2026-07","kind":"collision","headline":"Tesla robotaxi remote operator crashed vehicle into metal fence in Houston","summary":"Tesla filed four new Robotaxi crash reports with NHTSA in July 2026. The most serious involved a remote teleoperator in Houston who took control of a stuck autonomous vehicle, accelerated, turned left, and drove up a curb into a metal fence at 8 mph. This was the third documented remote-operator crash following a pattern where the autonomous system gets stuck, a human takes over remotely, and the human crashes the car.","occurredAt":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-18T07:27:59.718Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"c7e297ca-12f6-4cce-85ae-13e75153f0df","slug":"tesla-robotaxi-houston-remote-operator-crash-2026-07-20","kind":"collision","headline":"Tesla remote operator crashed a Robotaxi into a tree stump in Houston, NHTSA data shows","summary":"Tesla's latest NHTSA filings revealed four new Robotaxi crashes, including a Houston incident where a remote operator drove the vehicle into a tree stump. The incident highlights risks in Tesla's remote-operation model for its robotaxi fleet.","occurredAt":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-01T09:03:25.673Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"c80b15e6-3d62-4cc0-84ec-db0567dcab0b","slug":"waymo-robotaxi-rear-ended-las-vegas-2026-07-19","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi rear-ended by SUV in south Las Vegas, at least one injured","summary":"On July 19, 2026 at approximately 9:45 a.m., a human-driven SUV struck a Waymo robotaxi from behind near Sunset Road and Polaris Avenue in south Las Vegas, then continued forward and also hit a light pole. At least one person was injured. Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department confirmed the crash and said the investigation is ongoing. Waymo told FOX5 the SUV struck the Waymo vehicle from behind before continuing forward and hitting the light pole.","occurredAt":"2026-07-19T09:45:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":"other","rootCauseDetail":"Human-driven SUV rear-ended a stopped Waymo robotaxi, then continued into a light pole. Other-driver fault per Waymo statement; investigation ongoing.","affectedUnitsCount":1,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"none","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[36,1699000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[115,1398000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-21T21:22:48.175Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 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It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"35e4fc1f-2662-4f03-a6c9-f13ea4621733","slug":"waymo-las-vegas-suv-collision-2026-07-19","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi struck by SUV that lost control on Las Vegas Valley road","summary":"On July 19, 2026, a Waymo robotaxi operating in autonomous mode was involved in a crash in Las Vegas after a human-driven SUV lost control and struck the robotaxi. 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>50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 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It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"a003efdf-f6da-4848-ad84-67b6000be8e3","slug":"waymo-robotaxi-struck-by-suv-las-vegas-2026-07-19","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi struck by out-of-control SUV on Polaris Avenue, Las Vegas","summary":"On July 19, 2026, a Waymo robotaxi operating in autonomous mode with no occupants was struck on Polaris Avenue near West Sunset Road in Las Vegas by an SUV whose driver lost control; the SUV then hit a power pole. SUV occupants were hospitalized with undisclosed injuries. Waymo stated its vehicle was not at fault.","occurredAt":"2026-07-19T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"3eec022d-2a93-4d74-81c4-8915a17059bd","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":"human_operator_error","rootCauseDetail":"Human-driven SUV traveling behind the Waymo lost control and struck the robotaxi and a power pole","affectedUnitsCount":1,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"none","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-22T03:27:02.606Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. 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>50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"3eec022d-2a93-4d74-81c4-8915a17059bd","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"27e81299-d721-49a3-b890-de361377ad84","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-portland-oregon-usa","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"port","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/","label":"Waymo is coming to the Rose City — Portland","title":"Waymo is coming to the Rose City — Portland","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Waymo Blog","publishedAt":"2026-08-04"}],"notes":"Waymo began manually driving vehicles in Portland to familiarize the Waymo Driver with the city's streetscapes; fully autonomous service to follow.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Stage","value":"Manual driving / mapping phase"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-11T15:06:04.328Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:21:59.966Z"},"company":null},{"id":"9d98c2a7-fe14-4bf2-93af-a355e4600f2c","slug":"waymo-las-vegas-crash-2026-07-19","kind":"collision","headline":"Waymo robotaxi rear-ended by SUV at Sunset Road and Polaris Avenue in Las Vegas, at least one injured","summary":"On July 19, 2026 at approximately 9:45 a.m., a Waymo autonomous vehicle was struck from behind by a dark-colored SUV near Sunset Road and Polaris Avenue in south Las Vegas. The SUV continued forward after the impact and also hit a light pole. Las Vegas Metropolitan Police confirmed at least one person was injured and the investigation is ongoing. Waymo stated the SUV struck the Waymo vehicle from behind. This is the first reported Waymo crash since the Las Vegas service launched.","occurredAt":"2026-07-19T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"none","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T03:26:10.271Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. 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Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"6a51c27b-723f-418c-ae47-25ed6c22eae5","slug":"recall-2026-07-17-zoox-smoke-detection","kind":"recall","headline":"Zoox recalls entire 105-vehicle fleet because robotaxis may not detect heavy smoke and could impede emergency responders","summary":"Amazon's Zoox recalled its fleet of 105 autonomous vehicles after an unoccupied Zoox robotaxi entered an active emergency fire scene obscured by heavy smoke on June 20, 2026, braked hard, and reversed under teleguidance. The recall follows a NHTSA letter warning AV companies about a clear pattern of driverless vehicles interfering with law enforcement and first responders. Zoox issued a software update to enhance smoke detection and response capabilities.","occurredAt":"2026-07-17T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"software_defect","rootCauseDetail":"ADS failed to detect and appropriately respond to heavy smoke at active emergency scenes","affectedUnitsCount":105,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[37,7749000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[122,4194000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-18T04:14:39.529Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"0285f184-d182-4e56-b0ce-e53c071ec7c6","slug":"nhtsa-zoox-recall-26e044000","kind":"recall","headline":"Zoox recalls entire 105-vehicle fleet after robotaxi drove into smoke-filled active fire scene","summary":"NHTSA recall 26E044 (July 17 2026): On June 20 2026, an unoccupied Zoox robotaxi encountered heavy smoke obscuring an active emergency fire scene that was not cordoned off with cones. The vehicle failed to detect and respond to the smoke-filled scene. Zoox issued a software update to 105 vehicles enhancing detection of active emergency scenes by adding heavy-smoke response capability. No injuries reported. The recall came one week after NHTSA warned AV companies about interfering with first responders.","occurredAt":"2026-07-17T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"37a5a8e3-83ab-428c-ad44-f5f6e2032651","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"planning_perception_error","rootCauseDetail":"ADS failed to detect and respond to heavy smoke obscuring an active emergency fire scene.","affectedUnitsCount":105,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"remediated","regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[36,1699000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[115,1398000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-22T00:32:15.289Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"37a5a8e3-83ab-428c-ad44-f5f6e2032651","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"05159d42-5809-4678-b688-9f42820e8728","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-phoenix-arizona-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/zoox-unveils-production-ready-robotaxi-for-u-s-expansion/","label":"Zoox unveils production-ready robotaxi for U.S. expansion","title":"Zoox unveils production-ready robotaxi for U.S. expansion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"The Robot Report","publishedAt":"2026-08-04"}],"notes":"Zoox testing purpose-built robotaxis in Phoenix; production design unveiled Aug 2026","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-04T21:57:10.031Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:21:48.117Z"},"company":null},{"id":"6feab805-a73b-4b9a-98b1-899050db8536","slug":"zoox-recall-26e044-smoke-detection","kind":"recall","headline":"Zoox recalls 105 robotaxis over failure to detect heavy smoke (NHTSA 26E044)","summary":"Zoox issued a voluntary recall of 105 autonomous vehicles (NHTSA recall 26E044) after a robotaxi drove into thick smoke from an active fire in Las Vegas on June 20, 2026. The ADS software may not detect heavy smoke and could impede emergency personnel. Zoox deployed a software update to address the issue.","occurredAt":"2026-07-17T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T14:08:03.525Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); 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allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"a8861017-6834-4e17-a9a3-12b1f29cf623","slug":"zoox-smoke-recall-2026-07","kind":"recall","headline":"Zoox issues software recall after robotaxi drove through heavy smoke at Las Vegas emergency scene","summary":"Zoox issued a software recall after an unoccupied robotaxi drove into an active emergency fire scene clouded with heavy smoke in Las Vegas in June 2026. The NHTSA filing cites the software's failure to detect and respond to heavy smoke near emergency scenes. The recall comes as NHTSA has warned AV companies about vehicles interfering with first responders.","occurredAt":"2026-07-17T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-22T15:43:46.071Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). 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Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"48cf3964-ca2b-4573-abd0-686c6b36360b","slug":"zoox-smoke-detection-software-recall-2026-07-17","kind":"recall","headline":"Zoox recalls 105 robotaxis after vehicle drove into heavy smoke at active Las Vegas fire scene","summary":"Zoox voluntarily recalled 105 autonomous vehicles after an unoccupied robotaxi drove into heavy smoke obscuring an active emergency fire scene in Las Vegas on June 20, 2026. The vehicle braked hard and steered away before stopping; a teleoperator reversed it from the scene. Zoox notified NHTSA of the recall on July 8, and it was publicly reported July 17. The recall follows a NHTSA letter urging AV companies to stop interfering with first responders.","occurredAt":"2026-07-17T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","deploymentId":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-02T21:15:58.884Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","modelName":"Zoox Robotaxi","slug":"zoox-robotaxi","description":"Zoox's purpose-built bidirectional autonomous robotaxi, designed from scratch without a steering wheel or pedals and featuring carriage-style seating for four passengers (two facing forward, two backward). [Amazon](/companies/amazon) acquired [Zoox](/companies/zoox) in June 2020 for approximately $1.3 billion. The vehicle is battery-electric with a 133 kWh pack and a manufacturer-claimed top speed of 120 km/h. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa) under NHTSA's temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa). Zoox has issued three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 for unexpected braking, a Las Vegas collision, and unnecessary lane-crossings.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"power":"battery-electric","range":"16 h continuous","design":"purpose-built, bidirectional (symmetrical front-rear)","pedals":"none","battery":"133 kWh","seating":"4 passengers, carriage-style (2 forward-facing, 2 backward-facing)","max_speed":"75 mph","battery_kwh":133,"recall_date":"May 2025 (touchscreen freeze, traction control loss)","max_speed_kmh":120,"parent_company":"Amazon (acquired June 2020 for ~$1.3B)","steering_wheel":"none","public_demo_cities":"San Francisco CA, Las Vegas NV"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","title":"Amazon-owned Zoox issues recall following robotaxi crash","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox (official) - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (Amazon subsidiary)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi service in Las Vegas (Sept 10, 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-robotaxi-san-francisco-public-rides.html","label":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","title":"Amazon's Zoox robotaxi launches public rides in San Francisco","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC","publishedAt":"2025-09-10"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/vehicle/","label":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","title":"Zoox Vehicle Overview","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Zoox (official)","publishedAt":"2020-12-14"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/common/files/202507-zoox-vehicle-brochure-pdf.pdf","title":"Introducing Zoox","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"}],"aliases":["Zoox purpose-built robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Configuration","value":"purpose-built, bidirectional, no steering wheel or pedals"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"pilot"},{"label":"Test fleet","value":"retrofitted Toyota Highlander with safety operators"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:09.786Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-10T22:11:11.412Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":100,"unitsInFieldVerified":229,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-24/zoox-robotaxis-to-roam-in-more-san-francisco-areas-new-cities","label":"Zoox has a fleet of around 100, a company spokesperson said"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-california-robotaxi-registered-vehicles-drivers-2025-12","label":"The agency said Zoox has 229 registered vehicles"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Zoox, owned by Amazon, has 35 authorized robotaxis"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e6292f16-2468-4143-a222-4dca1a64b6c5","modelId":"e94a4a69-6197-45c9-bf9a-1cb637f307bd","versionId":null,"locationId":"8937eb26-1342-4bfa-a38c-1dc3f8c8dbba","operatorId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","ownerId":null,"slug":"zoox-robotaxi-miami-florida-usa","status":"pilot","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://refreshmiami.com/news/zoox-to-begin-testing-robotaxi-service-in-miami-and-austin/","title":"Zoox to begin testing robotaxi service in Miami and Austin","sourceName":"Refresh Miami","publishedAt":"2026-03-24"}],"notes":"Zoox Robotaxi (Zoox) operating in Miami. Status: pilot.","keyFacts":[{"label":"City","value":"Miami, FL"},{"label":"Status","value":"Public rides planned before end of 2026"},{"label":"Source","value":"Quartz (July 2026)"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T20:43:23.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:53.357Z"},"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; allows up to 2,500 vehicles annually for 2 years","Testing markets":"Las Vegas (commercial), San Francisco (free service), Austin, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Washington D.C., Phoenix, Dallas, Los Angeles","NHTSA accidents logged":"123 (as of March 2026)"},"aliases":["Zoox Inc","Amazon Zoox","Zoox robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2200,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T18:25:08.712Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:25:46.030Z"}},{"id":"31c62aed-6eb5-4a30-b6b3-e34cbfed31cb","slug":"ddot-serve-coco-sidewalk-robot-permits-washington-dc-2026-07-16","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"DDOT issues sidewalk robot permits to Serve Robotics and Coco Robotics for food delivery in Washington DC","summary":"On July 16, 2026, the District Department of Transportation (DDOT) announced permits for two personal delivery device companies, Serve Robotics and Coco Robotics, authorizing door-to-door food delivery via sidewalk robots in the core of Washington DC. They join Robot.com (formerly Kiwibot) as currently permitted PDD operators in the District.","occurredAt":"2026-07-16T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"a2afce41-277c-435b-9bb1-e4f7eff0f066","deploymentId":"c5d2d119-c24b-4c7d-98ee-5d41823567e7","companyId":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-03T14:05:20.510Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"a2afce41-277c-435b-9bb1-e4f7eff0f066","companyId":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","modelName":"Serve Gen 3","slug":"serve-gen3","description":"Serve Gen 3 is the third-generation autonomous sidewalk delivery robot of Serve Robotics, a public company listed on the Nasdaq under the ticker SERV, and is recorded in the sidewalk form factor as the public-company counterpoint to privately held delivery peers, since its SEC-disclosed quarterly filings give it stronger verification depth. Serve originated as Postmates X, the robotics division founded around 2017, and spun out as an independent company on March 2, 2021 with seed funding led by Neo after Uber acquired Postmates for 2.65 billion dollars, with Uber retaining a minority stake that has diluted over time; it later became public through a 2023 SPAC merger rather than a conventional initial public offering, and is led by co-founder and chief executive Ali Kashani. The Gen 3 robot, rolled out in October 2024, is roughly twice as fast and travels twice as far as Gen 2 at about half the manufacturing cost, with five times the onboard compute on NVIDIA Jetson Orin, an Ouster REV7 digital lidar, and a multi-sensor suite of RGB and time-of-flight cameras, ultrasonics, and GPS, and it operates as an operator-supervised Level 4 system, remotely monitored from Serve's local operations centers with human oversight and takeover available rather than being driverless. Its anchor commercial relationship is a May 2023 agreement with Uber to deploy up to two thousand robots on Uber Eats across US markets, since extended with DoorDash and a Shake Shack tie-in. As of its first-quarter 2026 results Serve reported revenue of three million dollars, about 197 million dollars in cash and marketable securities, a net loss of forty-nine million dollars, and 812 daily-active robots within a built fleet of roughly two thousand across forty-four cities in fourteen states; the registry records the verified active markets as US-only, including Los Angeles, Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, and Alexandria, Virginia, and treats the two-thousand-robot figure as built capacity rather than simultaneously active.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Heritage","value":"Originated as Postmates X (~2017); spun out as independent Serve Robotics on Mar 2 2021 (Neo-led seed; Uber retained a minority stake, diluted over time to ~12%) after Uber's $2.65B Postmates acquisition. CEO/co-founder Ali Kashani. Became public via a 2023 SPAC merger (Patricia Acquisition Corp), NOT a conventional IPO."},{"label":"Uber Eats partnership","value":"May 30 2023 commercial deal to deploy up to 2,000 Serve robots on Uber Eats across multiple US markets (grew out of a West Hollywood pilot); reaffirmed at the Gen 3 rollout. Also DoorDash (Oct 2025) and a Shake Shack tie-in."},{"label":"Financials (public, Q1 2026, SEC/IR)","value":"Revenue $3.0M (+578% YoY; fleet services $1.958M / software $1.026M); cash + marketable securities ~$197.4M (Mar 31 2026); net loss $49.0M (~$(0.65)/sh); 812 daily-active robots; FY2026 revenue guidance ~$26M. Public-company quarterly disclosure is the editorial point: stronger verification depth than private peers (cite IR/SEC over aggregators)."},{"label":"Cap-flags","value":"'2,000 robots' = built/deployed CAPACITY, not simultaneously active - Q1 2026 daily-active is 812; aggregators conflate built-vs-active. 'Largest US sidewalk delivery fleet' is Serve's US-scoped self-claim (Starship runs 3,000+ globally). Vancouver as a current market is UNVERIFIED in primary sources - markets are US-only; drop it. Operator-supervised L4 (Serve markets '99.8% completion / L4' but robots are remotely monitored with human takeover), not driverless."}],"specs":"Serve Gen 3: third-generation autonomous sidewalk delivery robot (rolled out Oct 16 2024). Roughly 2x top speed and 2x range vs Gen 2, +6 field-hours/day, 40% faster braking, +15% cargo volume, manufacturing cost ~halved, 5x onboard compute (NVIDIA Jetson Orin), Ouster REV7 digital lidar plus RGB/ToF cameras, ultrasonics, and GPS. Operator-supervised Level 4: remotely monitored from Serve's local operations centers with human oversight/takeover. Fleet (Q1 2026): ~2,000 robots BUILT, 812 daily-active; footprint 44 cities across 14 states. Verified active markets (US-only): Los Angeles, Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, Alexandria VA (DC metro).","runtime":"14 h","max_speed":"10 km/h","weight_kg":73,"formFactor":"sidewalk (operator-supervised L4 sidewalk delivery robot; public company NASDAQ: SERV, SEC-disclosed)","payload_kg":23},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/05/07/3290495/0/en/serve-robotics-announces-first-quarter-2026-results-with-3x-sequential-revenue-growth.html","title":"Serve Robotics Q1 2026 results: revenue $3.0M (+578% YoY), ~$197.4M cash + securities, net loss $49M, 812 daily-active robots, 44 cities/14 states","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR / GlobeNewswire)"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-spins-out-postmates-seed-funding-neo-build-next","title":"Serve Robotics spins out of Postmates (Mar 2 2021; Neo-led seed; Uber retained stake; CEO Ali Kashani)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/serve-unveils-commercial-deal-with-uber-to-enable-scaling-of-robotic-delivery-301836751.html","title":"Serve unveils commercial deal with Uber: up to 2,000 robots on Uber Eats across US markets (May 30 2023)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://serverobotics.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-rolls-out-third-generation-autonomous-delivery","title":"Serve rolls out 3rd-gen robot: ~2x speed/range, halved cost, 5x compute (Jetson Orin), Ouster REV7 lidar (Oct 16 2024)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://serverobotics.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-builds-2000-autonomous-delivery-robots-creating","title":"Serve builds 2,000 robots; market list + 110 neighborhoods (Dec 12 2025)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-02/uber-spins-off-robotic-delivery-unit-takes-stake-in-new-startup","title":"Uber spins off robotic delivery unit, takes stake in new startup (retained-stake corroboration)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001832483&type=10-Q","title":"Serve Robotics Inc (NASDAQ: SERV) SEC EDGAR 10-Q filings (CIK 0001832483) - public-company quarterly disclosure","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.restaurantdive.com/news/serve-robotics-debuts-los-angeles-faster-larger-robots-uber-eats-deal/729973/","label":"Serve Robotics debuts larger robots, Uber Eats deal for up to 2,000 robots","title":"Serve Robotics debuts larger robots, Uber Eats deal for up to 2,000 robots","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Restaurant Dive","publishedAt":"2024-10-16"},{"url":"https://www.stocktitan.net/news/SERV/serve-robotics-announces-first-quarter-2026-results-with-3x-3jokz86uimr4.html","label":"Serve Robotics Q1 2026 results (812 daily active robots)","title":"Serve Robotics Q1 2026 results (812 daily active robots)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (StockTitan)","publishedAt":"2026-05-11"}],"aliases":["Serve Gen 3","Serve Gen3","Serve Robotics delivery robot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"Operator-supervised Level 4"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"Ouster REV7 digital lidar, RGB/ToF cameras, ultrasonics, and GPS"},{"label":"Runtime","value":"+6 field-hours/day"},{"label":"Operating speed","value":"Roughly 2x top speed vs Gen 2"},{"label":"Range","value":"2x range vs Gen 2"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.315Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:55.995Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":2000,"unitsInFieldVerified":812,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":2000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.stocktitan.net/news/SERV/serve-robotics-builds-2-000-autonomous-delivery-robots-creating-7im9rhb8dddx.html","label":"Serve Robotics deploys 2,000 robots, creating the largest U.S. sidewalk fleet"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/","label":"building 2,000 autonomous delivery robots"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"supervised","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"c5d2d119-c24b-4c7d-98ee-5d41823567e7","modelId":"a2afce41-277c-435b-9bb1-e4f7eff0f066","versionId":null,"locationId":"5c934778-d5e7-46d3-abd9-a58f4fed9940","operatorId":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","ownerId":null,"slug":"serve-gen3-west-hollywood","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery","inventory"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":10,"siteType":"port","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://wehoonline.com/update-robot-roadblock-west-hollywood-resident-calls-action-sidewalk-incident/","label":"WEHOonline — Serve sidewalk delivery robot operating in West Hollywood"},{"url":"https://beverlypress.com/2023/10/delivery-robots-draw-ire-of-weho-residents/","label":"Beverly Press / Park Labrea News — Serve robots in West Hollywood","publishedAt":"2023-10-01"},{"url":"https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/serve-robotics-uber-eats-unveil-robotic-delivery-in-southern-california/2917977/","title":"Serve + Uber Eats unveil robotic delivery in Hollywood / West Hollywood","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"NBC Los Angeles"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/30/serve-robotics-to-deploy-up-to-2000-sidewalk-delivery-bots-on-uber-eats/","title":"Serve to deploy up to 2,000 sidewalk bots on Uber Eats (LA pilot began in West Hollywood)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/13/serve-robotics-new-autonomous-sidewalk-delivery-robots-dont-require-human-assist/","title":"Serve's next-gen L4 sidewalk robots operating in LA neighborhoods","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://serverobotics.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-rolls-out-third-generation-autonomous-delivery","title":"Serve rolls out third-generation autonomous delivery robot (LA-first)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2024/10/16/serve-robotics-unveils-gen3-autonomous-delivery-robots-scale-across-us/","title":"Serve unveils Gen3 robots (specs; LA-first via Uber Eats)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/serve-robotics-has-deployed-2000-delivery-robots-across-u-s/","title":"Serve Robotics has deployed 2,000+ delivery robots across the US","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"The Robot Report","publishedAt":"2025-12-16"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-announces-expanded-los-angeles-delivery-extended","title":"Serve expands LA delivery; 200+ restaurants in West Hollywood, Hollywood and Fairfax on Uber Eats","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"}],"notes":"Serve Robotics operates Gen 3 sidewalk delivery robots in West Hollywood, where the devices have drawn attention from residents over sidewalk-related concerns. Local coverage from October 2023 noted that the robots have drawn ire from some West Hollywood residents. As of December 2025, Serve reported more than 2,000 delivery robots deployed across the US, and lists 200+ restaurants in West Hollywood, Hollywood and Fairfax available through Uber Eats. These are company and metro figures, not a West Hollywood site count.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Serve Gen 3 sidewalk delivery robots"},{"label":"Operator","value":"Serve Robotics"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"West Hollywood"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Sidewalk delivery robots"},{"label":"Status","value":"Operating as of October 2023"},{"label":"Operator US fleet","value":"2,000+ robots (Dec 2025)"},{"label":"Nearby restaurants","value":"200+ in West Hollywood, Hollywood and Fairfax on Uber Eats"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"retail","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T18:26:30.874Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:01.253Z"},"company":{"id":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","name":"Serve Robotics","slug":"serve-robotics","description":"Los Angeles-based autonomous sidewalk delivery robot company spun off from Uber's Postmates division. Founded by CEO Ali Kashani and VP MJ Burk Chun, Serve Robotics develops Level 4 autonomous delivery robots deployed for Uber Eats. Listed on [Nasdaq](/companies/nasdaq): SERV. Raised $80M in total funding. Expanding to DC area and other markets in 2025.","status":"public","founded":2017,"hq":"Los Angeles, CA","hqLat":34.0536909,"hqLng":-118.242766,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:48:10.636Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"serverobotics.com","fundingTotal":"247000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.serverobotics.com","label":"Serve Robotics — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve_Robotics","label":"Wikipedia — Serve Robotics"},{"url":"https://ir.serverobotics.com","label":"Serve Robotics — Investor relations (public filings)"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-enters-production-agreement-magna-scale-robot","title":"Serve Robotics enters production agreement with Magna to scale robot manufacturing (Apr 24, 2024)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/serve-robotics-enters-production-agreement-with-magna-to-scale-robot-manufacturing-302125462.html","title":"Serve Robotics enters production agreement with Magna (Apr 24, 2024)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001832483/000183248325000009/serv-20241231xex991earning.htm","title":"Serve Robotics Q4 and full-year 2024 earnings release (Form 8-K exhibit 99.1)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001832483/000183248325000037/serv-20250331xex991earning.htm","title":"Serve Robotics Q1 2025 earnings release (Form 8-K exhibit 99.1)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001832483/000183248325000107/serv-20250930xex991earning.htm","title":"Serve Robotics Q3 2025 earnings release (Form 8-K exhibit 99.1)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://ir.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2025","title":"Serve Robotics announces Q4 and full-year 2025 results (Mar 11, 2026)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/18/uber-nvidia-backed-serve-robotics-hits-public-markets-with-40m-splash/","title":"Uber- and NVIDIA-backed Serve Robotics hits public markets with $40M (Apr 18, 2024)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/01/serve-robotics-and-wing-to-trial-robot-to-drone-delivery-in-dallas/","title":"Serve Robotics and Wing to trial robot-to-drone delivery in Dallas (Oct 1, 2024)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Listing","value":"Public, Nasdaq: SERV"},{"label":"Robots","value":"Sidewalk delivery robots (Uber Eats and other partners)"},{"label":"Origin","value":"Spun off from Uber/Postmates"},{"label":"Notable incident","value":"Robot 'Nasir' shattered a Chicago CTA bus shelter (Mar 2026)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ali Kashani"},{"label":"Co-founder","value":"MJ Burk Chun"},{"label":"Stock","value":"Nasdaq: SERV"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"$80M"},{"label":"Partners","value":"Uber Eats"},{"label":"LA deployment zones","value":"6 deployment zones across 40 LA neighborhoods, 500+ bots active (verified, May 2026)"},{"label":"Koreatown expansion","value":"Delivery service expanded to Koreatown, LA; 2,000 robots upgraded with new lidar hardware"},{"label":"Product","value":"Serve autonomous sidewalk delivery robot"},{"label":"Deployments","value":"Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas — Uber Eats partnership"}],"aliases":["Serve Robotics Inc","Serve robot","Serve delivery"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"SERV","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":"0001832483","revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":380,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.236Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:16:31.644Z"}},{"id":"5b5943ed-8722-46c9-a6ec-a6ec07edf1b3","slug":"ntsb-tesla-katy-preliminary-report-2026-07-15","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NTSB preliminary report: Tesla Katy crash driver overrode FSD by pressing accelerator to 100%, vehicle exceeded 70 mph","summary":"The NTSB released preliminary findings on July 15, 2026 for the June 19 fatal Tesla Model 3 crash in Katy, Texas that killed 76-year-old Martha Avila. Electronic data recovered from the vehicle indicated the driver had engaged Tesla's Full Self-Driving (Supervised) but manually overrode it by pressing the accelerator pedal to 100%, with the vehicle traveling at greater than 70 mph when it crashed into a home. The driver, 44-year-old Michael Butler, was previously charged with manslaughter. The NTSB noted all aspects remain under investigation and it plans to issue safety recommendations.","occurredAt":"2026-07-15T04:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"human_operator_error","rootCauseDetail":"Driver manually overrode FSD by pressing accelerator to 100%; vehicle exceeded 70 mph in residential area. NTSB preliminary findings, subject to change.","affectedUnitsCount":1,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NTSB","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[30,2672000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":1,"d":[97,7431000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-16T21:53:42.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"98e8e3e5-03e2-4f09-a6de-32df841fdca6","slug":"starship-asu-pedestrian-lawsuit-2026-07","kind":"other","headline":"Trudy Perez sues Starship Technologies over 2023 ASU delivery robot collision that caused spinal fracture and permanent injury","summary":"A 73-year-old Arizona State University parking attendant filed suit in Maricopa County Superior Court alleging a Starship delivery robot reversed into her on the Tempe campus in Fall 2023, knocking her down and striking her a second time while on the ground. The lawsuit, reported by KJZZ and 12News, alleges the robot was defective and that Starship failed to safely operate it; a jury trial is scheduled for early 2027. The underlying 2023 injury is already recorded separately.","occurredAt":"2026-07-14T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","deploymentId":"aa7dfe0f-ee79-4ed7-8685-9bc4485295c2","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-24T19:37:22.209Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"7d0a26f0-7eb2-4e9c-b713-1caebc6a5484","companyId":"9fa14702-0c5f-4c07-a300-79665ed32dd9","modelName":"Starship Bot","slug":"starship-bot","description":"Starship Bot is the six-wheeled autonomous sidewalk delivery robot of Starship Technologies, founded in 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla, who is also chief executive, and Janus Friis, with headquarters in San Francisco and engineering hubs in Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland. The robot carries an insulated cargo compartment and navigates sidewalks at low speed using multi-sensor fusion of cameras, radar, ultrasonics, and GPS, operating as an operator-supervised Level 4 system: it drives autonomously with remote human oversight and takeover available rather than being driverless, a distinction the registry preserves against Starship's own marketing of Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision. Starship runs a captive operator-supervised service model, operating its own fleet and selling the delivery backbone to apps, retailers, and campuses rather than selling robots to third parties, integrating with platforms such as Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, and Wolt. As of Starship's own April 2026 disclosure it had passed ten million cumulative autonomous deliveries with more than three thousand robots across more than three hundred service areas in eight countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, and the United States, with more than sixty-five US university campuses as its anchor segment; Denmark, sometimes listed in priors, is not among them. It remains privately held, having closed a fifty-million-dollar Series C led by Plural in October 2025 that brought cumulative funding above two hundred eighty million dollars, with no valuation disclosed by the company.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Founders / heritage","value":"Founded 2014 by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla (co-founder + CEO) and Janus Friis. HQ San Francisco; engineering hubs Tallinn (Estonia) and Helsinki (Finland)."},{"label":"Business model","value":"Captive operator-supervised delivery SERVICE: sells the autonomous delivery backbone to apps/retailers/campuses, not robots to third parties."},{"label":"Footprint (verified, Apr 2026)","value":"8 countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Czech Republic, United States. NOTE: Denmark is NOT among them (corrects a common prior); Czech Republic + Switzerland are the additions. Anchor segment = university campuses (65+ US); also grocery/retail, delivery apps, industrial sites."},{"label":"Financials (verified)","value":"$50M Series C closed Oct 15 2025, led by Plural (+ Karma.vc, Latitude, Coefficient Capital, SmartCap, Skaala); cumulative funding >$280M (Starship-direct). NO valuation disclosed by the company - cap-flag any aggregator valuation. '12,000+ robots by 2027' is a company projection, not a current figure."},{"label":"Cap-flag (autonomy framing)","value":"Starship markets 'Level 4 autonomy without active human supervision,' which reads as driverless; in practice operations are operator-supervised L4 with remote oversight/takeover available (~99% autonomous historically). Frame as operator-supervised, not no-humans. ~4 mph + exact lidar/radar specs are legacy specs, not re-cited in the Apr 2026 release."}],"specs":"Starship Bot: six-wheeled insulated-cargo autonomous sidewalk delivery robot at low speed (~4 mph, legacy spec) with multi-sensor fusion (cameras + radar + ultrasonics + GPS; lidar on some configs). Operator-supervised Level 4 on sidewalks: runs autonomously with remote human oversight/takeover available. Operational scale (Apr 2026, Starship-direct): 10M+ cumulative autonomous deliveries, 3,000+ robots, 300+ service areas across 8 countries, 65+ US university campuses, 22M+ autonomous km, ~125,000 road crossings/day. Captive operator-supervised SERVICE model: Starship operates its own fleet and integrates with delivery apps (Uber Eats, Just Eat, Bolt, Foodora, Grubhub, Wolt) plus grocers/retailers; does NOT sell robots to third parties.","battery":"1260 Wh","runtime":"12 h","max_speed":"6 km/h","weight_kg":35,"formFactor":"sidewalk (six-wheeled operator-supervised L4 sidewalk delivery robot; captive delivery-service model)","payload_kg":10},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/","title":"Starship passes 10 million autonomous deliveries; 3,000+ robots, 300+ locations, 8 countries, 65+ US campuses (Apr 28 2026)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/starship-technologies-raises-50m-series-c/","title":"Starship raises $50M Series C, led by Plural; >$280M cumulative; 2,700+ robots (Oct 15 2025)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/press/skype-co-founders-launch-a-company-with-a-mission-to-make-local-delivery-free/","title":"Skype co-founders (Ahti Heinla + Janus Friis) launch Starship (founders + Skype heritage)","sourceName":"Starship Technologies (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251015387447/en/Starship-Technologies-Raises-$50M-Series-C-to-Scale-Autonomous-Delivery-Across-U.S.-Cities","title":"Starship Technologies Raises $50M Series C to Scale Autonomous Delivery (wire mirror)","sourceName":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/starship-technologies-obtains-series-c-funding-for-autonomous-deliveries/","title":"Starship Technologies obtains Series C funding (independent corroboration)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.starship.xyz/about/","title":"Starship about: last-mile delivery service; 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This is a local regulatory action distinct from the federal NHTSA directive issued July 8, 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-11T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"other","rootCauseDetail":"AVs blocking emergency routes and delaying first responder access; documented in 31 SFFD internal reports.","affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"acknowledged","regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[37,7749000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[122,4194000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-13T02:11:48.772Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.800Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. 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Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"3d1606f9-f193-4e29-ae56-359e1df0a8d4","slug":"ponoka-stampede-drone-crash-2026","kind":"injury","headline":"Drone falls into stands at Ponoka Stampede, injuring two people","summary":"Two people were injured when a drone fell into the stands at one of the small arenas during the Ponoka Stampede on Thursday. Report-not-fault: event drone, not a commercial delivery or autonomous vehicle.","occurredAt":"2026-07-10T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"eb99dc79-1ed2-473a-a778-6856d1d95577","deploymentId":"7d064ba3-81a7-401d-9f12-bfe2b4ec718a","companyId":"a2d812ef-1995-4f49-a947-93c81aade99e","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-18T15:47:23.718Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:29:22.113Z","model":{"id":"eb99dc79-1ed2-473a-a778-6856d1d95577","companyId":"a2d812ef-1995-4f49-a947-93c81aade99e","modelName":"Matrice 400","slug":"dji-matrice-400","description":"DJI's Matrice 400 is a heavy-lift enterprise drone (released June 2025) for power-line inspection, surveying, mapping, and public safety; ~6 kg payload, up to ~59 minutes flight, with rotating LiDAR, mmWave radar, and low-light vision for obstacle sensing.","formFactor":"aerial","industryVertical":"inspection","environment":"airspace","maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"class":"heavy-lift enterprise drone","payload":"~6 kg","flight_time":"~59 min"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.dji.com/downloads/products/matrice-400","sourceName":"DJI"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Payload","value":"~6 kg"},{"label":"Flight time","value":"~59 min"},{"label":"Class","value":"heavy-lift enterprise drone"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"rotating LiDAR, mmWave radar, low-light vision"},{"label":"Retail price","value":"~$11,000-$20,000 (est. UAVCoach: $15,000-$20,000; InfinitDrones lists ~$11,618 CAD). Pricing not publicly listed by DJI — enterprise channel sales"},{"label":"Camera/payload","value":"No integrated camera — supports Zenmuse L3, H30, H30T, L2, P1 gimbal cameras (all in-house DJI). Payload capacity: 6 kg, up to 7 simultaneous payloads"},{"label":"Gimbal","value":"Uses DJI Zenmuse gimbal cameras (in-house); not built-in like consumer/enterprise models"},{"label":"Motors","value":"In-house DJI enterprise-grade brushless motors; designed for 9.7 kg aircraft weight + 6 kg payload"},{"label":"Battery","value":"In-house DJI intelligent flight batteries (enterprise-grade); 59 min flight time with heavy payload; BMS ICs from Texas Instruments (external)"},{"label":"Flight controller","value":"In-house DJI enterprise flight controller; O4 Enterprise Enhanced transmission (40km with relay); integrated rotating LiDAR + mmWave radar for obstacle sensing"},{"label":"Est. BOM cost","value":"~$2,500-4,000 (enterprise heavy-lift platform; LiDAR, mmWave radar, redundant flight systems, IP55. Est. ~20-25% of $15,000-$20,000 retail)"},{"label":"Est. gross margin","value":"~75%+ on hardware; enterprise heavy-lift commands premium pricing. Payload cameras (Zenmuse H30T, L2 LiDAR) sold separately and have their own margins. Lower volume than consumer but higher absolute profit per unit"},{"label":"Sensors (built-in)","value":"Rotating LiDAR, mmWave radar, fisheye cameras for power-line-level obstacle sensing. All in-house DJI design"},{"label":"Payload ecosystem","value":"Zenmuse H30/H30T (multisensor camera), L2/L3 (LiDAR), P1 (photogrammetry), S1 (spotlight), V1 (speaker), Manifold 3 (embedded compute), X-Port (3rd-party gimbal), AP100 parachute"},{"label":"Company revenue (2024)","value":"CN¥50 billion (~US$7B) reported; Wikipedia lists CN¥80B (US$11.5B) for 2025"},{"label":"Net profit margin","value":"~40% (2024 report) — nearly double Apple's, exceeding Hermès and POP MART"},{"label":"Market share","value":"~70% global consumer drone market (90%+ as of June 2024 per Wikipedia)"},{"label":"Vertical integration","value":"DJI designs/manufactures cameras, gimbals, motors, batteries, flight controllers, and propulsion systems in-house. 70%+ of BOM is in-house. External: battery management ICs (Texas Instruments), RF amplifier/noise cancellation chips (Qorvo), GPS receiver components (smartwatch-grade), camera sensor components (smartphone-grade)"},{"label":"BOM-to-retail ratio","value":"~18-20% component cost vs retail price (vs 30-35% typical for smartphones). DJI produces drones at roughly half the materials cost of competitors"},{"label":"Key external suppliers","value":"Texas Instruments (battery management ICs), Qorvo (RF signal amplifiers, noise cancellation), commodity semiconductor suppliers for 80% of 230+ components (shared with smartphones/PCs)"},{"label":"In-house components","value":"Flight controllers, gimbal systems (3-axis mechanical stabilization), brushless motors, camera modules (Hasselblad-branded via DJI subsidiary), batteries (Li-ion/LiPo with integrated BMS), propulsion systems, image processing SoCs, OcuSync transmission systems"},{"label":"Teardown source (Mavic Air 2)","value":"Fomalhaut Techno Solutions (Tokyo) + Nikkei Asian Review, Sept 2020. 230 components, 80% commodity/off-the-shelf, total parts cost ~$135 for $749-$799 retail drone"},{"label":"Teardown source (Inspire 1)","value":"Advanced Structures India (ASI), should-cost analysis using xcPEP. 350+ parts, 184 features mapped, manufacturing cost ~₹1,63,052 INR (~$2,000), 80% of cost from electrical/electronic components"},{"label":"IP portfolio","value":"185+ UAV-related patents in Japan alone (3x nearest competitor). Software, R&D, and patents drive retail premium over low hardware cost"},"Price=~$13,000-$16,000 (enterprise, estimated)","Use case=Enterprise inspection, mapping, public safety, construction","Flight time=~59 minutes max","Sensors=RTK GNSS, 6-direction sensing, FPV camera","Payload=Supports Zenmuse H30T camera, L2 LiDAR","Vertical integration=DJI in-house: airframe, motors, gimbal, battery, flight controller, transmission"],"createdAt":"2026-06-24T10:21:10.371Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T05:40:56.487Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"7d064ba3-81a7-401d-9f12-bfe2b4ec718a","modelId":"55bc900e-0279-4b8f-8874-c6c3b6af2110","versionId":null,"locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","operatorId":"a2d812ef-1995-4f49-a947-93c81aade99e","ownerId":null,"slug":"dji-mavic-3-global","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":6,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.dji.com/","title":"DJI","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"DJI Mavic 3 Pro deployed across consumer and professional aerial photography markets globally. DJI has 70%+ consumer drone market share.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Technology","value":"DJI Mavic 3 Pro drone"},{"label":"Operator","value":"DJI"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"Global consumer and professional aerial photography markets"},{"label":"Use Case","value":"Consumer and professional aerial photography"},{"label":"Scale","value":"70%+ consumer drone market share"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:48.901Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:12:45.286Z"},"company":{"id":"a2d812ef-1995-4f49-a947-93c81aade99e","name":"DJI","slug":"dji","description":"Chinese drone manufacturer (Da-Jiang Innovations), founded 2006 in Shenzhen by Frank Wang (Wang Tao). The dominant [Global](/companies/global-ai) maker of consumer, prosumer, and enterprise camera drones (Mavic, Air, Mini, Matrice lines). Subject to significant US regulatory action since 2024 (FCC Covered List, DoD Section 1260H designation, CBP import scrutiny). Privately held.","status":"private","founded":2006,"hq":"Shenzhen, China","hqLat":22.5445741,"hqLng":114.0545429,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:26:05.966Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"dji.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/abacus/who-what/what/article/3028241/story-drone-pioneer-dji","title":"The story of drone pioneer DJI (founding and rise)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://dronelife.com/2016/04/22/how-djis-founders-built-a-drone-cluster-city/","title":"How DJI's founders built a drone cluster city (early history) (Apr 22, 2016)","sourceName":"DroneLife"},{"url":"https://www.dji.com/media-center/announcements","title":"DJI official news and product-release announcements (newsroom)","sourceName":"DJI (official)"},{"url":"https://dronelife.com/2025/06/25/dji-drones-us-consumer-market-scarcity-security/","title":"DJI drones face scarcity in the US consumer market; ~77% US share (Jun 25, 2025)","sourceName":"DroneLife"},{"url":"https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/latest-news/today-in-security/2026/january/DJI-Ban-Ramifications-in-United-States/","title":"How a DJI ban could impact the drone industry (market dominance + regulatory) (Jan 2026)","sourceName":"ASIS Security Management"},{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/us/article/3327057/drone-maker-dji-loses-lawsuit-against-pentagon-claim-chinese-military-ties","title":"DJI loses lawsuit against the Pentagon over Chinese-military-ties claim (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/judge-rules-that-drone-maker-dji-is-affiliated-with-chinas-defense-industry-company-to-stay-on-pentagons-list-of-chinese-military-companies","title":"Judge rules DJI affiliated with China's defense industry; stays on DoD 1260H list (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"Tom's Hardware"},{"url":"https://dronelife.com/2025/05/13/dji-mavic-4-pro-revolutionary-features-rave-reviews-and-u-s-availability-challenges/","title":"DJI Mavic 4 Pro launch and US availability challenges (May 13, 2025)","sourceName":"DroneLife"},{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-updates-covered-list-add-certain-uas-and-uas-components-0","title":"FCC updates Covered List to add certain UAS and UAS components (DA 25-1086) (Dec 22, 2025)","sourceName":"FCC (official)"},{"url":"https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-416839A1.pdf","title":"FCC fact sheet: Covered List update to include foreign UAS (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"FCC (official)"},{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/us/economy-trade-business/article/3329031/china-drone-maker-dji-appeals-inclusion-pentagons-chinese-military-companies-list","title":"DJI appeals its DoD 1260H designation to the DC Circuit (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://chinaselectcommittee.house.gov/media/press-releases/moolenaar-stefanik-statement-cbp-blocking-imports-ccp-backed-drone-company-dji","title":"House Select Committee statement on CBP blocking DJI imports under UFLPA (Oct 2024)","sourceName":"US House Select Committee on the CCP (official)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Founded","value":"2006, Shenzhen, China, by Frank Wang (Wang Tao)"},{"label":"Market position","value":"Dominant global consumer/prosumer drone maker; roughly 70-77 percent US consumer market share (2025)"},{"label":"Video transmission","value":"OcuSync (O3+/O4) - proprietary HD video/control transmission; up to ~20 km FHD. Flight-tech, not an autonomy system."},{"label":"Obstacle avoidance","value":"APAS (Advanced Pilot Assistance System) - obstacle sensing/avoidance that assists the pilot. Pilot-assist/augmentation, not full autonomy."},{"label":"US regulatory status","value":"Added to FCC Covered List (Dec 2025); DoD Section 1260H Chinese-military-company designation (litigation ongoing, appeal at DC Circuit); CBP UFLPA import scrutiny since 2024."},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/DJI_Mavic_3.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0)"}],"aliases":["Da-Jiang Innovations","SZ DJI Technology","DJI Technology","DJI Innovations","DJI","DJI Mavic","DJI Matrice","DJI Inspire","DJI Agras"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":20210,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T03:14:26.185Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:26:59.143Z"}},{"id":"03df96de-b7ce-4c2d-b502-68e78372cda2","slug":"nhtsa-ads-first-responder-directive-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA issues directive to AV developers citing clear pattern of driverless AVs interfering with first responders","summary":"In July 2026, NHTSA Administrator Jonathan Morrison issued a directive to autonomous vehicle developers requiring them to ensure their vehicles get out of the way of first responders. The letter cited a clear pattern of driverless AVs interfering with law enforcement and other first responders, including incidents where AVs drove into active emergency scenes, blocked the paths of ambulances or firefighters, or failed to recognize or respond to flashing lights, flares, smoke, fire, and traffic cones. The directive preceded Zoox's smoke-detection recall and follows multiple Waymo recalls for construction-zone and flooded-roadway entry failures.","occurredAt":"2026-07-09T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-25T07:49:38.068Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"2eaa405a-e5e8-4e8b-95c8-cbe99423616e","slug":"ukrainian-armor-sbu-raid-2026-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"SBU raids Ukrainian Armor over RPG-75M procurement; deputy director allegedly beaten","summary":"On July 9, 2026, Ukraine's Security Service (SBU) conducted searches at Ukrainian Armor employees' homes, including First Deputy Director Maksym Polyvianyi, who was allegedly beaten and hospitalized. The criminal proceedings concern a UAH 637M ($15.9M) contract for 6,000 RPG-75M grenade launchers. SBU alleged the grenades were manufactured in the 1980s, not 2024 as contracted. The company denied wrongdoing.","occurredAt":"2026-07-08T21:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"8d748689-a23f-4f82-8d34-c693a3d886fb","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"SBU (Security Service of Ukraine)","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-21T19:10:38.026Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"8d748689-a23f-4f82-8d34-c693a3d886fb","name":"Ukrainian Armor","slug":"ukrainian-armor","description":"Ukrainian defense manufacturer producing unmanned ground vehicles and armored systems for frontline combat operations.","status":"private","founded":0,"hq":"Kyiv, Ukraine","hqLat":50.4500336,"hqLng":30.5241361,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-23T21:30:38.368Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"https://ukrainianarmor.com","fundingTotal":"15900000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":"[{\"url\":\"https://www.ukrainianarmor.com\",\"title\":\"Ukrainian Armor — Defense manufacturing\",\"sourceName\":\"Ukrainian Armor (official)\"}]","keyFacts":[{"label":"Headquarters","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine"},null,{"label":"Status","value":"private"},{"label":"Type","value":"hardware"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Vladyslav Belbas (Director General)"},{"label":"Former CEO","value":"Yan Honcharov (now CEO of NAUDI)"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2014 (by Euromaidan volunteers)"},{"label":"Key Products","value":"Novator armored vehicle, Varta armored vehicle, mortars, body armor, FPV drones (UB80D10-EFP, UB60D), Protector UGV"},{"label":"Production Scale","value":"~1,000 mortars/year, doubled armored vehicle production (NYT 2025)"},{"label":"MBDA Partnership","value":"Strategic MoU for Deep Strike & C-UAS (June 2026)"},{"label":"Protector UGV","value":"Survived FPV drone strike; 1-ton cargo capacity"},{"label":"UB60D Drone","value":"TFL-1 autonomous terminal guidance (codified June 2026)"},{"label":"UB80D10-EFP","value":"FPV drone with penetrating warhead, 50mm armor penetration (July 2026)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Vladyslav Belbas (Director General)"},{"label":"Former CEO","value":"Yan Honcharov (now CEO of NAUDI)"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2014 (by Euromaidan volunteers)"},{"label":"Key Products","value":"Novator armored vehicle, Varta, mortars, body armor, FPV drones (UB80D10-EFP, UB60D), Protector UGV"},{"label":"Production Scale","value":"~1,000 mortars/year, doubled armored vehicle production (NYT 2025)"},{"label":"MBDA Partnership","value":"Strategic MoU for Deep Strike & C-UAS (June 2026)"},{"label":"Protector UGV","value":"Survived FPV drone strike; 1-ton cargo capacity"},{"label":"UB60D Drone","value":"TFL-1 autonomous terminal guidance (codified June 2026)"},{"label":"UB80D10-EFP","value":"FPV drone with penetrating warhead, 50mm armor penetration (July 2026)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T04:23:09.395Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:31:10.857Z"}},{"id":"8a477dd7-4cc5-4718-bb7e-02ac93ba2ade","slug":"ukrainian-armor-sbu-raid-grenade-procurement-2026-07","kind":"legal_action","headline":"SBU raids Ukrainian Armor over RPG-75M grenade launcher procurement contract; deputy director assaulted","summary":"On July 9, 2026, officers of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) conducted searches at the homes of Ukrainian Armor employees, including First Deputy Director Maksym Polyvianyi, who was allegedly beaten during the raid and hospitalized with a concussion and numerous injuries. The criminal proceedings concern a UAH 637 million ($15.9M) contract with the Defense Procurement Agency for supply of 6,000 RPG-75M disposable anti-tank grenade launchers. SBU alleged the grenades were manufactured in the 1980s rather than 2024 as contracted. The company denied wrongdoing, stated the grenades were supplied directly from Czech manufacturer Zeveta in sealed packaging, and claimed the case was fabricated as intimidation. The SBU denied using physical force. The company is preparing lawsuits.","occurredAt":"2026-07-08T21:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"8d748689-a23f-4f82-8d34-c693a3d886fb","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":null,"rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-21T19:09:11.432Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"8d748689-a23f-4f82-8d34-c693a3d886fb","name":"Ukrainian Armor","slug":"ukrainian-armor","description":"Ukrainian defense manufacturer producing unmanned ground vehicles and armored systems for frontline combat operations.","status":"private","founded":0,"hq":"Kyiv, Ukraine","hqLat":50.4500336,"hqLng":30.5241361,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-23T21:30:38.368Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"https://ukrainianarmor.com","fundingTotal":"15900000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":"[{\"url\":\"https://www.ukrainianarmor.com\",\"title\":\"Ukrainian Armor — Defense manufacturing\",\"sourceName\":\"Ukrainian Armor (official)\"}]","keyFacts":[{"label":"Headquarters","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine"},null,{"label":"Status","value":"private"},{"label":"Type","value":"hardware"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Vladyslav Belbas (Director General)"},{"label":"Former CEO","value":"Yan Honcharov (now CEO of NAUDI)"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2014 (by Euromaidan volunteers)"},{"label":"Key Products","value":"Novator armored vehicle, Varta armored vehicle, mortars, body armor, FPV drones (UB80D10-EFP, UB60D), Protector UGV"},{"label":"Production Scale","value":"~1,000 mortars/year, doubled armored vehicle production (NYT 2025)"},{"label":"MBDA Partnership","value":"Strategic MoU for Deep Strike & C-UAS (June 2026)"},{"label":"Protector UGV","value":"Survived FPV drone strike; 1-ton cargo capacity"},{"label":"UB60D Drone","value":"TFL-1 autonomous terminal guidance (codified June 2026)"},{"label":"UB80D10-EFP","value":"FPV drone with penetrating warhead, 50mm armor penetration (July 2026)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Vladyslav Belbas (Director General)"},{"label":"Former CEO","value":"Yan Honcharov (now CEO of NAUDI)"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2014 (by Euromaidan volunteers)"},{"label":"Key Products","value":"Novator armored vehicle, Varta, mortars, body armor, FPV drones (UB80D10-EFP, UB60D), Protector UGV"},{"label":"Production Scale","value":"~1,000 mortars/year, doubled armored vehicle production (NYT 2025)"},{"label":"MBDA Partnership","value":"Strategic MoU for Deep Strike & C-UAS (June 2026)"},{"label":"Protector UGV","value":"Survived FPV drone strike; 1-ton cargo capacity"},{"label":"UB60D Drone","value":"TFL-1 autonomous terminal guidance (codified June 2026)"},{"label":"UB80D10-EFP","value":"FPV drone with penetrating warhead, 50mm armor penetration (July 2026)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T04:23:09.395Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:31:10.857Z"}},{"id":"db182df4-772d-4065-a954-f043926f6b5d","slug":"nhtsa-av-first-responder-directive-2026-07-08","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA demands AV developers stop driverless vehicles from interfering with first responders","summary":"NHTSA Administrator Jonathan Morrison issued a directive to autonomous vehicle developers stating that driverless AVs interfering with law enforcement and first responders is a 'functional insufficiency,' not an edge case. The agency cited incidents of AVs driving into active emergency scenes, blocking ambulances and firefighters, and failing to recognize flashing lights, flares, and traffic cones. AV developers were given until end of July to present solutions. While no company was named explicitly, details point to robotaxi operators like Waymo.","occurredAt":"2026-07-08T19:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":"planning_perception_error","rootCauseDetail":"AVs fail to detect and appropriately respond to emergency scenes (flashing lights, flares, smoke, fire, traffic cones) and interfere with law enforcement/first responders.","affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":"outstanding","regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":"av","latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[29,7604000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":1,"d":[95,3698000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-13T02:02:08.829Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-21T23:41:57.910Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"abecf105-15ee-4575-b830-3b43e0a6046e","slug":"nhtsa-av-first-responder-call-to-action-jul2026","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA issues call to action to AV developers over pattern of driverless AVs interfering with first responders","summary":"On July 8, 2026, NHTSA Administrator Jonathan Morrison issued a public call to action to automated vehicle developers, citing a pattern of driverless AVs driving into active emergency scenes, blocking ambulances and firefighters, and failing to recognize flashing lights, flares, smoke, fire, and traffic cones. NHTSA scheduled meetings with driverless ADS developers by month's end and warned it will exercise enforcement authority for developers that do not address significant safety concerns.","occurredAt":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T13:25:49.499Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; 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It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"7912e9ad-b28a-4621-b652-cf40ff03f337","slug":"waymo-sf-mahmood-inquiry-2026-07-07","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"SF Supervisor Bilal Mahmood launches inquiry into Waymo's July 4 traffic meltdown","summary":"On July 7, 2026, San Francisco Supervisor Bilal Mahmood announced a letter of inquiry to the city's Department of Emergency Management, Fire Department, and Municipal Transportation Agency, seeking information on how Waymo robotaxis contributed to massive gridlock following the July 4 Golden Gate Bridge fireworks show. More than 30 Waymo robotaxis became stuck in the Presidio parking area, some running out of charge and requiring towing. Mahmood stated it is 'not acceptable that disruption of service, first responders and our public transit system is a side effect of autonomous vehicles' and requested city departments respond within two weeks. 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It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. 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The robot then turned around and drove away from the scene without waiting for police, marking the first recorded case of a delivery robot fleeing an accident scene. 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NHTSA scope","title":"Avride delivery on Uber Eats (Austin/Dallas/Jersey City) + Grubhub campuses (Ohio State); NHTSA scope","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"The Next Web","publishedAt":"2026-05-08"},{"id":"0511c3dd-ed4d-49d6-b98f-938fea45d11b","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://nebius.com/newsroom/avride-secures-strategic-investment-and-other-commitments-of-up-to-375-million-backed-by-uber-and-nebius","title":"Avride secures up to $375M strategic investment backed by Uber and Nebius","sourceName":"Nebius (official newsroom)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/05/hyundai-pairs-up-with-yandex-spinoff-avride-to-develop-robotaxis/","title":"Hyundai pairs with Avride to develop IONIQ 5 robotaxis (Mar 2025)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/03/uber-and-avride-launch-robotaxi-service-in-dallas/","title":"Uber and Avride launch robotaxi service in Dallas (Dec 3, 2025)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grubhub-expands-partnership-with-avride-to-bring-autonomous-delivery-robots-to-its-marketplace-302592083.html","title":"Grubhub expands partnership with Avride for autonomous delivery (Oct 2025)","sourceName":"Grubhub/Avride (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/yandex-autonomous-driving-technology-company-reboots-avride/","title":"Yandex self-driving group reboots as Avride (Austin, TX)","sourceName":"Automotive News"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Owner","value":"Nebius subsidiary (ex-Yandex SDG); Uber partner since Oct 2024"},{"label":"Funding","value":"Up to $375M committed from Uber + Nebius"},{"label":"Robotaxi","value":"Hyundai Ioniq 5 on Uber — Dallas + Austin (safety operators)"},{"label":"Delivery","value":"Sidewalk bots on Uber Eats (Austin/Dallas/Jersey City) + Grubhub (Ohio State)"},{"label":"Scrutiny","value":"NHTSA probe (16 crashes Dec25-Mar26); Jersey City cyclist-injury lawsuit"},{"label":"Austin HQ","value":"Headquartered in Austin, TX with R&D hubs worldwide; 200+ engineers (verified)"},{"label":"Dallas depot","value":"Uber-managed depot for Avride fleet in Dallas, TX — Uber handles cleaning, maintenance, charging, depot management (verified, Dec 2025)"}],"aliases":["Avride Inc"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"avride","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":270,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.954Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:26:01.482Z"}},{"id":"35cf5215-bf52-4d8d-a190-59e2af22a833","slug":"traffic-disruption-2026-07-04-waymo","kind":"traffic_disruption","headline":"Waymo fleet gridlocks San Francisco Presidio after July 4 fireworks; one robotaxi drove over lit firework with passengers inside","summary":"Dozens of Waymo robotaxis became stranded in heavy traffic in San Francisco's Presidio following Fourth of July fireworks, with some vehicles stalling, others requiring towing, and one driving over a lit firework while carrying passengers. No injuries were reported. Waymo said extreme traffic congestion disrupted normal operations.","occurredAt":"2026-07-04T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"none","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[37,7749000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[122,4194000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-07T12:41:26.377Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"814a5f43-42fc-4f55-b673-4eaf8bfc0b25","slug":"property-damage-2026-07-04-waymo-firework-fire","kind":"property_damage","headline":"Waymo robotaxi caught fire after driving over a lit firework on Connecticut Street in San Francisco (July 4 2026)","summary":"A Waymo robotaxi caught fire on Connecticut Street in San Francisco after driving over a lit firework during Fourth of July celebrations. CBS News reported Waymo was evaluating a couple of incidents where its autonomous vehicles drove over fireworks, including one that caught fire. No injuries were reported. A separate Waymo with passengers inside was filmed driving over an exploding firework in another part of the city. These incidents occurred amid broader fleet gridlock that left dozens of Waymos stranded with dead batteries.","occurredAt":"2026-07-04T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":"software_defect","rootCauseDetail":"Waymo ADS failed to detect and avoid a lit firework in the roadway; the vehicle drove over it and caught fire. No injuries reported.","affectedUnitsCount":1,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"in_progress","regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":"none","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[37,7749000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[122,4194000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-09T19:54:50.456Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 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Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"9c6dab6a-43f4-4eca-9e26-426d7c78ec94","slug":"malfunction-2026-07-04-waymo","kind":"malfunction","headline":"Multiple Waymo robotaxis stranded with dead batteries during July 4 San Francisco traffic gridlock","summary":"At least a dozen Waymo vehicles, many Jaguar I-PACE models, had their batteries drain while stuck in heavy traffic following Fourth of July fireworks in San Francisco. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"4f2f532d-2e28-4935-9486-694f96cade84","slug":"skye-air-dgca-bvlos-notice-2026","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"DGCA issues public notice flagging absence of authorized BVLoS drone framework","summary":"India's Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued a public notice on July 4, 2026 flagging the absence of an authorized Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLoS) framework, warning operators that unapproved BVLoS flying carries no legal cover. Skye Air Mobility responded by proposing its Skye UTM platform as a sovereign national UTM backbone.","occurredAt":"2026-07-04T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"2ac1012d-9654-4e34-835b-88b25772383a","deploymentId":"6785541b-104b-4692-95ee-03d349b2418e","companyId":"4161d243-6edb-4e97-8cdc-82697911d6c3","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"DGCA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-05T21:03:13.840Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"2ac1012d-9654-4e34-835b-88b25772383a","companyId":"4161d243-6edb-4e97-8cdc-82697911d6c3","modelName":"Skye Air Drone Fleet","slug":"skye-air-drone-fleet","description":"Skye Air Drone Fleet is a fleet of autonomous aerial delivery vehicles with up to 10 kg payload capacity, enabling 7-minute hyperlocal deliveries. The fleet operates within a proprietary Hub-Pod-Walker architecture that integrates aerial drones with ground logistics, specifically designed for dense Indian urban environments.","formFactor":"aerial","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.stattimes.com/drones/skye-air-mobility-secures-9-mn-series-b-funding-to-scale-hyperlocal-drone-deliveries-1358362","title":"Skye Air Mobility secures $9 million series B funding","sourceName":"STAT Trade Times"},{"url":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/skye-air-mobility-begins-ai-powered-doorstep-drone-delivery-in-gurugram-how-it-works-and-expansion-plans-ws-l-19856479.htm/amp","title":"Skye Air Mobility begins AI-powered doorstep drone delivery in Gurugram","sourceName":"CNBC TV18"},{"url":"https://www.skyeair.tech/","title":"Skye Air Mobility - Official Website","sourceName":"Skye Air"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form Factor","value":"aerial"},{"label":"Maturity","value":"commercial"},{"label":"Weight","value":"10 kg"},{"label":"Payload","value":"10 kg payload capacity"}],"createdAt":"2026-08-05T15:06:27.332Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-05T22:30:52.937Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"6785541b-104b-4692-95ee-03d349b2418e","modelId":"2ac1012d-9654-4e34-835b-88b25772383a","versionId":null,"locationId":"0b242685-7a23-4c40-b751-f44b1705a654","operatorId":"4161d243-6edb-4e97-8cdc-82697911d6c3","ownerId":null,"slug":"skye-air-drone-fleet-bengaluru","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":6,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.skyeair.tech/","title":"Skye Air Mobility Official Website","sourceName":"Skye Air","publishedAt":"2026-03-11T00:00:00.000Z"}],"notes":"Drone delivery operations in Bengaluru, part of expansion beyond Delhi NCR.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Status","value":"Operational, expanding"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-05T21:03:02.762Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:12:23.563Z"},"company":{"id":"4161d243-6edb-4e97-8cdc-82697911d6c3","name":"Skye Air Mobility","slug":"skye-air-mobility","description":"Indian autonomous drone delivery platform providing hyperlocal last-mile delivery via a proprietary Hub-Pod-Walker architecture that integrates aerial drones with ground logistics. Founded in 2019 by Ankit Kumar, the company has completed over 3.6 million deliveries across Delhi NCR and Bengaluru, serving enterprise customers including Blue Dart, Shiprocket, Flipkart, Tata 1MG, and Zepto. Skye Air also operates Skye UTM, an indigenously [Built](/companies/built-robotics) unmanned traffic management platform designed for India's BVLoS regulatory framework","status":"private","founded":2019,"hq":"Gurugram, India","hqLat":28.4646148,"hqLng":77.0299194,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-23T21:29:10.547Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":null,"fundingTotal":"15000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.stattimes.com/drones/skye-air-mobility-secures-9-mn-series-b-funding-to-scale-hyperlocal-drone-deliveries-1358362","title":"Skye Air Mobility secures $9 million series B funding","sourceName":"STAT Trade Times"},{"url":"https://www.skyeair.tech/","title":"Skye Air Mobility — India's largest hyperlocal drone delivery platform","sourceName":"Skye Air Mobility"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Total Funding","value":"USD 15M across 3 rounds (Seed, Series A, Series B)"},{"label":"Latest Round","value":"$9M Series B (March 2026)"},{"label":"Deliveries","value":"3.6 million completed"},{"label":"HQ","value":"Gurugram, India"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ankit Kumar"},{"label":"Co-Founders","value":"Chandra Prakash, Shrikant Sarda, Deepshree Sarda, Swapnik Jakkampudi"},{"label":"Total Deliveries","value":"3.6 million+ (as of March 2026)"},{"label":"Payload Capacity","value":"Up to 10 kg per drone"},{"label":"Delivery Time","value":"7 minutes average"},{"label":"Enterprise Customers","value":"Blue Dart Express, Shiprocket, Flipkart, Tata 1MG, Zepto, Frido"},{"label":"CO2 Savings","value":"1,000+ tonnes saved (company-reported)"},{"label":"UTM Platform","value":"Skye UTM — indigenously built unmanned traffic management platform"},{"label":"Expansion Targets","value":"Bengaluru, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Kolkata (beyond Delhi NCR)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-05T15:06:26.944Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:30:45.543Z"}},{"id":"513f4817-e875-4717-ab47-aba9724d6c51","slug":"fatality-2026-07-03-tesla","kind":"fatality","headline":"Tesla driver charged with manslaughter in Katy crash was Googling 'FSD too timid'","summary":"A Tesla driver was charged with manslaughter in a Katy, Texas crash. The driver was reportedly Googling 'FSD too timid' at the time of the incident, suggesting reliance on FSD contributed to the crash.","occurredAt":"2026-07-03T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"catastrophic","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"inquiry_opened","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[30,2672000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":1,"d":[97,7431000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-03T15:20:31.108Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T00:53:59.093Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"d765211c-1fa1-4b9d-ba54-52cf3c523c63","slug":"collision-2026-07-02-amazon-prime-air","kind":"collision","headline":"Amazon Prime Air MK30 drone crashes into apartment building in Richardson, Texas","summary":"An Amazon Prime Air MK30 delivery drone crashed into the side of an apartment complex on Routh Creek Parkway in Richardson, Texas around 5 p.m. on Wednesday. The drone's propellers continued spinning on the ground and smoke emanated from the wreckage, but firefighters confirmed it never caught fire. No injuries were reported. Amazon said it is investigating the cause and coordinating repairs for minimal building damage. Prime Air had begun service in Richardson in December 2025.","occurredAt":"2026-07-02T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"5f22e23e-8582-4c97-80d0-b43eadf86511","deploymentId":"98ec95e7-25bb-40ae-8733-9aa59a0ed7d5","companyId":"1ce78851-892b-468a-b1f4-011068fb0fbf","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-08T07:11:48.416Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"5f22e23e-8582-4c97-80d0-b43eadf86511","companyId":"1ce78851-892b-468a-b1f4-011068fb0fbf","modelName":"Amazon Prime Air MK30","slug":"prime-air-mk30","description":"Amazon Prime Air is Amazon's drone delivery service developing autonomous delivery drones for packages, with operations in select US, UK, and Italian locations.","formFactor":"aerial","industryVertical":null,"environment":"airspace","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"superseded","supersededByModelId":"989509b8-2112-4a9d-b37a-55d09be1aaa2","specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2026/02/07/delivery-drone-amazon-crash-texas-apartment/88565912007/","title":"Video shows Amazon delivery drone crash in North Texas","sourceName":"USA Today"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"VP Prime Air","value":"David Carbon"},{"label":"Product","value":"MK30 delivery drone (83 lbs, 5 lb payload, 73 mph)"},{"label":"Certification","value":"Part 135 air carrier"},{"label":"Delivery time","value":"Within 60 minutes"}],"createdAt":"2026-07-03T23:35:59.629Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:53.360Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"98ec95e7-25bb-40ae-8733-9aa59a0ed7d5","modelId":"5f22e23e-8582-4c97-80d0-b43eadf86511","versionId":null,"locationId":"eb427769-39cf-4c32-acf1-ed78b852a9a7","operatorId":"1ce78851-892b-468a-b1f4-011068fb0fbf","ownerId":null,"slug":"prime-air-mk30-tolleson-arizona-usa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-04-22T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":6,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"small_2_10","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/amazon-drone-delivery-arizona","name":"About Amazon","title":"Amazon drone delivery takes off in Arizona"}],"notes":"Amazon began MK30 drone delivery operations in Tolleson, AZ (West Valley Phoenix Metro) on April 22, 2024. First fully integrated site deploying from Amazon Same-Day Delivery facility. Temporarily paused Oct 2025 after crane collision, then resumed.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"pilot_lt10","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-08T22:27:53.022Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:22:55.289Z"},"company":{"id":"1ce78851-892b-468a-b1f4-011068fb0fbf","name":"Amazon Prime Air","slug":"amazon-prime-air","description":"Amazon Prime Air is Amazon's autonomous drone delivery service, first unveiled by Jeff Bezos on 60 Minutes in December 2013 and commercially launched in 2022. The service uses the custom [Amazon Prime Air MK30](/models/amazon-prime-air-mk30) electric vertical-takeoff drone to deliver packages weighing up to 5 pounds within 60 minutes of ordering, with operations in select U.S. cities (Tolleson/Phoenix AZ, College Station TX, Pontiac MI, and others), the UK, and Italy. A division of [Amazon](/companies/amazon), it operates under an FAA Part 135 air carrier certificate and is led by VP & General Manager David Carbon.","status":"Amazon subsidiary (NASDAQ: AMZN)","founded":2013,"hq":"Seattle, Washington, USA","hqLat":47.6038321,"hqLng":-122.330062,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:19:18.098Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":null,"fundingTotal":null,"type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2026/02/07/delivery-drone-amazon-crash-texas-apartment/88565912007/","title":"Video shows Amazon delivery drone crash in North Texas","sourceName":"USA Today"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Parent","value":"Amazon"},{"label":"Parent company","value":"Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN)"},{"label":"VP Prime Air","value":"David Carbon"},{"label":"Product","value":"MK30 delivery drone (83 lbs, 5 lb payload, 73 mph)"},{"label":"Certification","value":"Part 135 air carrier"},{"label":"Delivery time","value":"Within 60 minutes"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-03T23:35:59.474Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:27:30.255Z"}},{"id":"eb319576-41bf-40c3-9fa7-5c2dc33b502a","slug":"fatality-2026-07-02-tesla","kind":"fatality","headline":"Tesla FSD driver charged with manslaughter after fatal crash into Texas home kills 76-year-old resident","summary":"A driver reportedly using Tesla's Full Self-Driving system crashed a Model 3 into a home in Katy, Texas, killing a 76-year-old resident inside. The driver has been charged with manslaughter. Tesla faces a federal probe over the incident.","occurredAt":"2026-07-02T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"catastrophic","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[30,2672000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":1,"d":[97,7431000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-03T11:19:11.795Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T00:54:00.302Z","model":{"id":"0ad1b6f8-1b4a-43d9-9838-98f3279a49ac","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Tesla Optimus","slug":"tesla-optimus","description":"Tesla Optimus (Tesla Bot) is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Tesla, announced as a concept at AI Day in August 2021 and shown as working prototypes at AI Day in September 2022. The second generation, Optimus Gen 2 (December 2023), demonstrated Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, roughly 30 percent faster walking, a weight reduction of about 10 kg, 11-degree-of-freedom hands with fingertip tactile sensing, and a 2-degree-of-freedom actuated neck. Optimus shares its perception and compute approach with Tesla's Full Self-Driving stack. Tesla positions Optimus for factory and general-purpose labor and projects a long-run price near $20,000 to $30,000 at scale, but those figures and timelines are company projections rather than realized outcomes. At the We Robot event in October 2024, Optimus units that appeared to converse and serve drinks were reported by Bloomberg and TechCrunch to be human-teleoperated rather than autonomous. Tesla has claimed internal factory testing of Optimus, but on the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026) Elon Musk acknowledged the robots are not in material use in Tesla factories and remain in the research-and-development phase. As of mid-2026 there is no verified external commercial sale, and the production-design V3 reveal has slipped repeatedly. Optimus is therefore recorded at research maturity: its factory presence is maker-facility R&D, not a verified commercial deployment.","formFactor":"humanoid","industryVertical":null,"environment":null,"maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"dof":"28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)","hands":"11-DOF cable-driven hands with fingertip tactile sensing (Gen 2)","notes":[{"label":"Concept announced","value":"Tesla AI Day, August 2021 (concept only, no hardware; represented by a person in a suit)."},{"label":"First prototypes","value":"Tesla AI Day, September 30, 2022: the Bumble-C prototype walked untethered; a sleeker Optimus unit using Tesla components was shown but could not yet walk unaided."},{"label":"Optimus Gen 2","value":"December 2023: Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, about 30 percent faster walking, roughly 10 kg lighter, 11-DOF hands with fingertip tactile sensing, a 2-DOF actuated neck, and balance/squat demos. This is the primary demonstrated-hardware artifact."},{"label":"We Robot demo (teleoperation)","value":"October 10, 2024: Optimus units appeared to converse and serve drinks; Bloomberg and TechCrunch reported the interactions were human-teleoperated, with only walking AI-driven. Tesla did not disclose the remote assistance beforehand."},{"label":"Factory work: claimed vs admitted","value":"Tesla claimed internal factory testing (2024 to 2025). On the Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Elon Musk acknowledged Optimus is not in material use in Tesla factories and remains in the research-and-development phase."},{"label":"V3 / production design","value":"The production-design V3 reveal slipped repeatedly (to mid-2026 as of the April 2026 call); Musk declined a 2026 volume target. An earlier claim of about 5,000 units in 2025 was reportedly missed (a few hundred built)."},{"label":"External commercial sale","value":"No verified external commercial sale as of mid-2026. Tesla's stated goal is for Optimus to be useful outside Tesla around 2027."},{"label":"Price (claimed)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale (sub-$20,000 only above 1 million units per year). A projection, not a realized price."},{"label":"Supply constraint","value":"On the Q1 2025 call, Musk attributed Optimus production impact to China's rare-earth magnet export restrictions."},{"label":"Leadership","value":"Optimus program VP Milan Kovac departed June 2025; Ashok Elluswamy (Autopilot/AI) took over leadership."},{"label":"AI stack","value":"Shares perception and compute approach with Tesla Full Self-Driving (registry brain: tesla-fsd-bot)."}],"height":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)","weight":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation; Gen 2 reduced about 10 kg vs Gen 1","battery":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)","compute":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","actuators":"6 Tesla-designed actuator types (3 rotary harmonic-drive, 3 linear roller-screw)","ai_system":"Tesla FSD computer; neural networks trained on Tesla's AI infrastructure; perception/compute approach shared with Tesla Full Self-Driving","height_cm":"173","weight_kg":"57 to 73","formFactor":"humanoid (general-purpose bipedal)","payload_kg":20,"battery_kwh":"2.3","degreesOfFreedom":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2); a 22-DOF hand is claimed for the V3 production design"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","title":"Musk: zero Optimus doing useful work (Jan 2026); Fremont line conversion","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tesla-optimus-robot","title":"For Better or Worse, Tesla Bot Is Exactly What We Expected (AI Day 2022 specs)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/30/business/tesla-bot-robot","title":"Tesla robot slowly walks on stage at AI Day (Sept 30, 2022)","sourceName":"CNN Business"},{"url":"https://insideevs.com/news/613692/tesla-humanoid-robot-ai-day-2022/","title":"Tesla humanoid robot prototype walks onto the stage at AI Day 2022","sourceName":"InsideEVs"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc","title":"Optimus - Gen 2 (official Tesla reveal, Dec 2023)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2023/12/12/tesla-unveils-optimus-gen-2-next-generation-humanoid-robot/","title":"Tesla unveils Optimus Gen 2: next-generation humanoid robot","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics-experts-tesla-bot-optimus","title":"What Robotics Experts Think of Tesla's Optimus Robot (tech-stack breakdown)","sourceName":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000110465925101876/tm252289d41_defa14a.htm","title":"Tesla DEFA14A (FY2025 proxy filing; Optimus production framing)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event","title":"Tesla's Optimus robots were remotely operated at Cybercab event (We Robot teleoperation)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/14/tesla-optimus-bots-were-controlled-by-humans-during-the-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla Optimus bots were controlled by humans during the We Robot event","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/10/13/elon-musk-tesla-optimus-robot-tele-operated-robotaxi/","title":"Optimus stole the show at the robotaxi unveil, but the AI was teleoperated","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/01/28/musk-admits-no-optimus-robots-are-doing-useful-work-at-tesla-after-claiming-otherwise/","title":"Musk admits no Optimus robots are doing useful work at Tesla (Q4 2025 call, Jan 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/teslas-optimus-hit-by-chinas-rare-earth-restrictions-says-musk.html","title":"Tesla's Optimus hit by China's rare-earth restrictions, says Musk (Q1 2025 call)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/06/09/milan-kovac-tesla-optimus/","title":"Milan Kovac, head of Tesla's Optimus program, is leaving (June 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/06/tesla-optimus-robotics-vp-is-leaving-the-company.html","title":"Tesla Optimus robotics VP Milan Kovac is leaving the company","sourceName":"CNBC"}],"aliases":["Optimus","Tesla Bot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Height","value":"approx 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)"},{"label":"Weight","value":"approx 57 to 73 kg depending on generation"},{"label":"DOF","value":"approx 28 body DOF plus 11 per hand (Gen 2)"},{"label":"Price (projected target)","value":"Musk projects roughly $20,000 to $30,000 at scale: a manufacturer target, not a sold or executable price."},{"label":"Battery","value":"2.3 kWh, 52 V (Gen 1 published spec)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Not for sale. Research and development stage; Tesla targets future production at scale, no preorder available."},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Projected one-time purchase at scale (not currently available)"},{"label":"Optimus 4 production","value":"Will be built in Austin with vertically integrated supply chain (in-house PCB work)"},{"label":"AI software","value":"Same end-to-end FSD team (V12-V15) now developing Optimus control software"},{"label":"2026 production target","value":"50,000-100,000 units (company-reported)"},{"label":"Fremont capacity","value":"Up to 1M units/year at full build-out, ~40 sub-lines"},{"label":"Production status","value":"As of July 20, no verified production units disclosed. Q1 guidance: late July/August start."},{"label":"Giga Texas facility","value":"Under construction, targeting 10M units/year, online 2027"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Musk cautioned about manufacturing challenges."},{"label":"Q2 2026 financials","value":"Net income $1.1B (-5% YoY), operating income $398M (-57% YoY)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC","value":"Oct 2024 demo: claimed autonomous interaction, verified teleoperated — marquee demo-vs-reality gap in humanoid robotics"},{"label":"Teleoperation confirmed","value":"Bloomberg (Oct 14, 2024) + Morgan Stanley Adam Jonas — 'relied on tele-ops (human intervention)'"},{"label":"MKBHD assessment","value":"'Either the greatest robotics demo ever, or MOSTLY remote operated by a human' — Oct 12, 2024"},{"label":"Musk admission","value":"Acknowledged teleoperation in 2025 earnings call — full autonomy not yet achieved at demo time"},{"label":"Earnings call focus","value":"Musk spent ~10%+ of Tesla earnings call time on Optimus in past year (up from ~2% in 2022), peaking at nearly 1/3 on Q3 2025 call (TechCrunch/Hudson Labs analysis, Aug 2026)"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"SoP in coming months, commercial sales expected 2H27. Gen 3 design finalized, supply chain locked. Production line at former Model S/X line site in Fremont. Gen 3 unveil timed closer to SoP."},{"label":"Optimus Academy","value":"Phase 1 (H2 2026): robots deployed for data accumulation via real-world interaction"},"BOM cost (current low vol)=$41,000-$61,000 hardware; $50K-$100K with R&D amortization","BOM cost target (1M+ units/yr)=$10,000-$17,500","Consumer price target=$20,000-$30,000 (Musk Davos Jan 2026)","BOM: Actuators (50+ units)=$18,000-$25,000 (35% of cost) — largest cost driver, 70-80% reduction at scale","BOM: AI5 Chip=$8,000-$12,000 — Terafab launched Mar 2026 for in-house fabrication","BOM: Battery Pack=$4,000-$6,000 (2.3 kWh) — benefits from Tesla 4680 cell cost curve","BOM: Sensors & Cameras=$3,000-$5,000 — vision-first, no LiDAR (Tesla camera-only philosophy)","BOM: Structural Frame=$5,000-$8,000 — aluminum + composites, giga-casting potential","BOM: Assembly Labor & Test=$3,000-$5,000","BOM: Reducers=15% of cost, Lead screws=18%, Motors=12%, Sensors+other=20% (per Tesla 2025 disclosure)","Morgan Stanley Gen 2 BOM=~$46,000 with China components; ~$131,000 without China components","Actuator count=~28 (rotary + linear); Gen 3 hands alone have 50 actuators (25 per hand/forearm)","China supply chain=60-70% of components; impossible to reach <$20K without Chinese parts","Rare earth risk=China Apr 2025 export controls on neodymium/dysprosium disrupted Optimus production (confirmed by Musk)","Production target=50,000-150,000 units in 2026; 50M units by 2030","Current fleet status=Musk Jan 2026: \"not in usage in our factories in a material way\""],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:19.960Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:17.699Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":1000,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":1000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://newmarketpitch.com/blogs/news/humanoid-robotics-optimus-deployment-tracker","label":"Tesla has not disclosed how many Optimus units exist but acknowledged only hundreds were built in 2025"},{"url":"https://blog.robozaps.com/b/tesla-model-s-optimus-robot-factory-conversion","label":"Tesla Optimus has 1,000+ units deployed, but exclusively inside Tesla's own factories"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzxI7rk00B/","label":"a much larger Gen 3 production line is already planned for 2026"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"mixed","autonomyStatement":"Yes — the laundry folding demo was confirmed by Tesla as autonomous, not teleoperated. Optimus folded a black t-shirt using single-arm manipulation","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://optimusk.blog/blog/tesla-optimus-demos-real-world/","date":"2025-01"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"Tesla Optimus has the most complex demo honesty profile of any humanoid. The October 2024 \"We, Robot\" event Optimus bots interacting with attendees were confirmed by Bloomberg as remotely operated (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-14/tesla-s-optimus-robots-were-remotely-operated-at-cybercab-event). Tesla later confirmed the January 2025 laundry-folding demo was autonomous. The Gen 3 walking videos (2026) appear autonomous but Tesla has not deployed Optimus in any verified commercial work setting — all demonstrations are staged/lab environments. Musk claims 10,000 robots by end of 2025 and mass production in 2026, but no customer deployment exists. The gap between \"folds laundry autonomously in a lab\" and \"works in a factory\" remains unbridged as of July 2026.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyURDZB7imo","singleTake":"no","environment":"staged","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"partial"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"37ada585-1aa1-4b20-b06d-d0e17613b49a","slug":"other-2026-07-02-skydio","kind":"other","headline":"FBI seizes 500+ drones during FIFA World Cup 2026","summary":"FBI seized 500+ drones during World Cup. 1,000+ detected near stadiums. Counter-drone technology at all 78 matches.","occurredAt":"2026-07-02T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"aad47d22-768c-4c0a-b03d-a43cd578428c","deploymentId":"7e67e34e-5e64-444e-943b-737cf4d5a75c","companyId":"c9949148-c692-400b-9745-3e650f1f7556","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FAA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-03T18:37:44.992Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"aad47d22-768c-4c0a-b03d-a43cd578428c","companyId":"c9949148-c692-400b-9745-3e650f1f7556","modelName":"Skydio X10","slug":"skydio-x10","description":"Skydio's flagship autonomous drone (announced Sept 2023): three cameras, night-capable sensors, and the onboard Skydio Autonomy Engine for self-flying inspection and public-safety operations.","formFactor":"aerial","industryVertical":null,"environment":"airspace","maturityStage":"production","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"type":"quadcopter","class":"enterprise/public-safety","autonomy":"Skydio Autonomy Engine","announced":"2023-09-20"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/x10","title":"Skydio X10 official product page","sourceName":"Skydio (official)"},{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/x10/technical-specs","title":"Skydio X10 technical specifications","sourceName":"Skydio (official)"},{"url":"https://dronedj.com/2023/09/20/skydio-new-x10-drone-camera/","title":"Skydio launches X10 with three cameras and advanced AI (Sept 20, 2023)","sourceName":"DroneDJ"}],"aliases":["X10"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"Skydio Autonomy Engine"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"night-capable sensors"},{"label":"Cameras","value":"three cameras"},{"label":"Announced","value":"2023-09-20"},{"label":"Price","value":"~$15,000-$20,000 (complete system packages)"},{"label":"Availability","value":"Quote-based — defense and enterprise sales"},{"label":"Pricing model","value":"Enterprise quote"},"Price=~$12,000-$15,000 (enterprise, estimated)","Sensors=5+ navigation cameras + 4K payload camera (Skydio Vimont)","Compute=In-house Skydio Autonomy engine (NVIDIA GPU)","Autonomy=Fully autonomous obstacle avoidance + path planning","Battery=China supply disruption 2024 (sanctions) — seeking US alternatives","Deployments=US defense, public safety, infrastructure inspection","NDAA 848 compliance=Working toward full US-made component sourcing"],"createdAt":"2026-05-31T03:31:54.002Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:53.360Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":"Skydio X10 autonomous drones deliver the best sensors for a drone this small, piloted by the most advanced AI in the sky","autonomyStatementSource":{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/x10","date":"2026"},"demoForensics":{"notes":"The Verge demo shows Skydio CEO Adam Bry flying the X10 with semi-autonomous modes. Skydio's YouTube channel (@Skydio) shows multiple real-world flight demos. The X10 is deployed with US Army ($52M order) and commercial customers — verified autonomous flight with obstacle avoidance at 45 mph. The Cayley v43 update (March 2026) added Fly Here Now at 45 mph with obstacle avoidance. The demo videos are genuine — Skydio's autonomy is among the most verified in the drone space. The gap between demo and deployment is minimal. The one nuance: Skydio's demos often show \"semi-autonomous\" modes where a pilot is involved, but the X10's autonomous navigation (obstacle avoidance, GPS-denied flight, NightSense) is independently verified by DoD Blue UAS clearance.","videoUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Vd6b56Mg6U","singleTake":"unclear","environment":"live_site","speedAltered":"unclear","autonomyClaimed":"yes","autonomyCorroborated":"yes"},"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"7e67e34e-5e64-444e-943b-737cf4d5a75c","modelId":"aad47d22-768c-4c0a-b03d-a43cd578428c","versionId":null,"locationId":"f3e732d0-9704-4b08-ba33-255af4c29e62","operatorId":"c9949148-c692-400b-9745-3e650f1f7556","ownerId":null,"slug":"skydio-x10-enterprise","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":6,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/","title":"Skydio","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"},{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/blog/dock-for-x10-future-scalable-autonomous-flight-data-capture","title":"The Future of Scalable, Autonomous Flight and Data Capture with Dock for X10 | Skydio","retrievedAt":"2026-06-27T12:00:00Z"}],"notes":"Skydio X10 deployed with enterprise and defense customers in US. Public safety, inspection, and military applications.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Skydio X10 aerial drones"},{"label":"Operator","value":"Enterprise and defense customers in US"},{"label":"Use Case","value":"Public safety, inspection, and military applications"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:49.218Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:22:34.488Z"},"company":{"id":"c9949148-c692-400b-9745-3e650f1f7556","name":"Skydio","slug":"skydio","description":"American autonomous-drone maker (San Mateo, founded 2014 by [Adam Bry](/people/adam-bry), [Abraham Bachrach](/people/abraham-bachrach), and [Matt Donahoe](/people/matt-donahoe)). The largest US drone manufacturer. Exited the consumer market in 2023 to focus on public-safety, enterprise, and defense; its [X10](/models/skydio-x10)/[X10D](/models/skydio-x10d) platforms run the onboard [Skydio Autonomy Engine](/brains/skydio-autonomy-engine). Privately held; raised a $110M Series F at a $4.4B valuation in April 2026.","status":"private","founded":2014,"hq":"San Mateo, California, USA","hqLat":37.496904,"hqLng":-122.3330573,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:48:51.407Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"skydio.com","fundingTotal":"677000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/blog/skydio-series-f","title":"Skydio Series F: strong business, bigger mission, new capital (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Skydio (official)"},{"url":"https://dronelife.com/2026/04/28/skydio-series-f-110m-funding-us-manufacturing/","title":"Skydio raises $110M Series F; US manufacturing push (Apr 28, 2026)","sourceName":"DroneLife"},{"url":"https://dronexl.co/2026/04/23/skydio-110m-series-f-44-billion-valuation/","title":"Skydio raises $110M Series F at $4.4B valuation (Apr 23, 2026)","sourceName":"DroneXL"},{"url":"https://www.skydio.com/blog/skydio-raises-230-million-series-e-funding-round","title":"Skydio raises $230M Series E; becomes largest US drone manufacturer (Feb 2023)","sourceName":"Skydio (official)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/27/skydio-soars-to-a-2-2-billion-valuation-after-raising-230m-series-e/","title":"Skydio reaches $2.2B valuation after $230M Series E (Feb 27, 2023)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/skydio-flying-high-with-230m-series-e-funding-round/","title":"Skydio flying high with $230M Series E (Feb 2023)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/10/skydio-closing-consumer-drone-business/","title":"Skydio closing its consumer drone business (Aug 10, 2023)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://dronedj.com/2023/08/10/skydio-consumer-drone-business-shutdown/","title":"Skydio exits the consumer drone market (Aug 10, 2023)","sourceName":"DroneDJ"},{"url":"https://www.manufacturingdive.com/news/skydio-35b-drone-united-states-expansion-skyforge/818398/","title":"Skydio pledges $3.5B to expand US drone manufacturing (SkyForge) (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"Manufacturing Dive"},{"url":"https://dronedj.com/2026/04/30/skydio-drone-funding-skyforge-us/","title":"Skydio's $3.5B US drone expansion begins (Apr 30, 2026)","sourceName":"DroneDJ"},{"url":"https://dronexl.co/2026/04/23/skydio-dji-acquisition-adam-bry-interview/","title":"Skydio's Adam Bry on DJI's 2014 acquisition attempt (founding/leadership) (Apr 2026)","sourceName":"DroneXL"},{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/112499/witnesses/HHRG-117-PW05-Bio-BryA-20210427.pdf","title":"Adam Bry (Skydio CEO) House testimony biography (Apr 27, 2021)","sourceName":"US Congress (official)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Founded","value":"2014, San Mateo, California, by Adam Bry, Abraham Bachrach, Matt Donahoe"},{"label":"Market position","value":"Largest US drone manufacturer"},{"label":"Funding","value":"$110M Series F at $4.4B valuation (Apr 2026); prior $230M Series E (2023)"},{"label":"US manufacturing","value":"$3.5B SkyForge US manufacturing expansion (2026)"},{"label":"Defense status","value":"Skydio X10D on the DoD Blue UAS cleared list"}],"aliases":["Skydio Inc","Skydio X10","Skydio X2"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":891,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T03:31:53.696Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:16:09.333Z"}},{"id":"2d2eee51-0aa7-4643-afd1-ce087f4dad54","slug":"regulatory-action-2026-07-02-aerovironment","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Pentagon awards AeroVironment 00M contract for counter-drone technology","summary":"Pentagon awarded AeroVironment 00M contract for counter-drone technology. 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Mass-produced and supplied to the US Army under a nearly $1B IDIQ and sent to Ukraine. 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Aggregate defense deployment; widely reported in open sources.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"AeroVironment Switchblade 300/600"},{"label":"Operator","value":"Ukrainian Armed Forces"},{"label":"Use Case","value":"Loitering munition defense deployment"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Aerial loitering munition"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T22:57:03.829Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:22:20.362Z"},"company":{"id":"a1306b4f-26b1-459a-84ec-d1ba6ee8f822","name":"AeroVironment","slug":"aerovironment","description":"American defense-technology and unmanned-systems company (NASDAQ: AVAV), founded 1971 by Paul MacCready. Best known for small unmanned aircraft (Puma) and Switchblade loitering munitions, plus the newer P550 and the JUMP 20 VTOL. Reported about $820.6M revenue in FY2025 (ended Apr 30, 2025) and closed the ~$4.1B all-stock acquisition of [Bluehalo](/companies/bluehalo) in May 2025. Its AVACORE open autonomy software architecture spans platforms.","status":"public","founded":1971,"hq":"Arlington, Virginia, USA","hqLat":38.8769326,"hqLng":-77.0893094,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:18:39.829Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"avinc.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001368622/000155837025008838/avav-20250430x10k.htm","title":"AeroVironment FY2025 Form 10-K (FYE Apr 30, 2025; revenue $820.6M, +14%)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://investor.avinc.com/node/19576/pdf","title":"AeroVironment FY2025 Q4 and full-year results ($821M record revenue) (Jun 24, 2025)","sourceName":"AeroVironment (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/aerovironment-revenue-jumps-14-fiscal-2025","title":"AeroVironment revenue jumps 14% in fiscal 2025","sourceName":"Nasdaq"},{"url":"https://investor.avinc.com/news-releases/news-release-details/aerovironment-acquire-bluehalo-establishing-next-generation","title":"AeroVironment to acquire BlueHalo (~$4.1B all-stock) (Nov 2024)","sourceName":"AeroVironment (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://spacenews.com/aerovironment-to-acquire-bluehalo-in-4-1-billion-deal/","title":"AeroVironment to acquire BlueHalo in a $4.1B deal (Nov 2024)","sourceName":"SpaceNews"},{"url":"https://www.avinc.com/resources/press-releases/view/aerovironment-and-bluehalo-complete-transaction-creating-a-global-defense-technology","title":"AeroVironment and BlueHalo complete transaction (May 1, 2025)","sourceName":"AeroVironment (official)"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1368622/000110465925043118/tm2513632d1_ex99-1.htm","title":"AeroVironment 8-K exhibit: BlueHalo transaction completed (May 2025)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.army-technology.com/news/av-bluehalo-acquisition-us/","title":"AeroVironment closes the BlueHalo acquisition for $4.1B (May 2025)","sourceName":"Army Technology"},{"url":"https://investor.avinc.com/board-directors/wahid-nawabi","title":"Wahid Nawabi, AeroVironment Chairman, President and CEO (bio)","sourceName":"AeroVironment (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://www.avinc.com/resources/press-releases/view/dr._paul_maccready_founder_and_former_chairman_of_aerovironment_dies","title":"Dr. Paul MacCready, AeroVironment founder (1971), dies (Aug 2007)","sourceName":"AeroVironment (official)"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1368622/000155837025011973/avav-20250802x10q.htm","title":"AeroVironment Q1 FY2026 10-Q (first post-BlueHalo quarter) (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/08/28/aerovironment-wins-nearly-1b-to-supply-switchblade-munitions-to-army/","title":"AeroVironment wins nearly $1B IDIQ to supply Switchblade munitions to the Army (Aug 28, 2024)","sourceName":"DefenseNews"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Public","value":"NASDAQ: AVAV"},{"label":"Revenue","value":"~$820.6M in FY2025 (standalone); FY2026 guidance ~$1.9-2.0B reflects the post-BlueHalo combined company"},{"label":"Acquisition","value":"Acquired BlueHalo (~$4.1B all-stock; closed May 1, 2025; AV 60.5% / BlueHalo 39.5%)"},{"label":"Founded","value":"1971 by Paul MacCready; CEO Wahid Nawabi"},{"label":"Software","value":"AVACORE open autonomy software architecture (behavior-tree based, cross-platform)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919300"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment"}],"aliases":["AV","AeroVironment Inc","AeroVironment","Switchblade drone","Puma drone"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"AVAV","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":"0001368622","revenueUsd":"1976845000","revenueBasis":"disclosed","revenueAsOf":"2026-04-30T12:00:00.000Z","employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T03:53:17.570Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:20.759Z"}},{"id":"ced5a5c6-a329-492d-86d1-39ada041bac9","slug":"nhtsa-tesla-radar-saves-us-info-demand-ea26002-2026-07-02","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"NHTSA sends Tesla 24-part information demand in EA26002, requesting internal 'Radar Saves Us' document on vision-only FSD limitations","summary":"On July 2, 2026, NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation sent Tesla a 24-part information request (ID EA26002-01) as part of the Engineering Analysis into Full Self-Driving crashes in reduced-visibility conditions. The demand specifically calls out an internal Tesla document titled 'Radar Saves Us,' which appears relevant to Tesla's decision to remove radar and rely on a vision-only system. Tesla's response is due August 12, 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-02T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","deploymentId":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"serious","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"investigation","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-03T14:05:10.754Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"ad72ea09-d48b-48ee-9306-2fced00c536f","companyId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","modelName":"Cybercab","slug":"tesla-cybercab","description":"The Tesla Cybercab is a purpose-built two-seat autonomous robotaxi vehicle that Tesla unveiled on October 10 2024 at its 'We, Robot' event. It has no steering wheel or pedals, two upward-opening butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, and a single roughly 20.5-inch center display, and it relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar). Tesla has stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and, on its Q1 2026 earnings call, that Cybercab production has 'just started' with volume production targeted in 2026; Tesla's own Q1 2026 SEC filing characterizes the status as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas, and the production-start evidence rests on Tesla's statements and controlled footage rather than independent verification. The Cybercab is NOT the vehicle behind Tesla's deployed Robotaxi service, which launched in Austin in June 2025 on regular Model Y cars with safety monitors. As of mid-2026 there are no verified consumer transactions, purchase pathway, warranty terms, or real-world Cybercab deployment; the registry records it at research maturity (no verified real-world operation), with production and pricing claims tracked as stated, not demonstrated.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"research","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"doors":"2 upward-opening butterfly doors (auto-open, no handles)","lidar":"no lidar or radar","notes":[{"label":"Unveiled","value":"Revealed October 10 2024 at Tesla's 'We, Robot' event (Warner Bros studio); about 20 Cybercab units gave demonstration rides on a closed lot."},{"label":"Design (verified)","value":"Purpose-built two-seat robotaxi: no steering wheel or pedals, two butterfly doors, inductive (wireless) charging with no charge port, a single ~20.5-inch center display, no side mirrors or rear window."},{"label":"Price (stated target)","value":"Musk stated a consumer price target below $30,000 and an operating-cost claim near $0.20/mile. A target, not a realized price; no consumer order or reservation pathway exists as of mid-2026."},{"label":"Production status (verified-vs-claimed)","value":"Tesla's Q1 2026 SEC 10-Q characterizes the Cybercab as 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026) - a MANUFACTURING status. On the Q1 2026 earnings call Musk said production has 'just started' and projected volume production in 2026 (a claim/target). Production-start evidence rests on Tesla's own statements and Tesla-controlled footage, not independent verification. Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Not the deployed robotaxi vehicle","value":"Tesla's actual Robotaxi service (launched Austin, June 2025; see model tesla-robotaxi) runs on regular Model Y vehicles with safety monitors and remote operators, NOT the Cybercab. The Cybercab is the purpose-built vehicle that has not yet entered real-world robotaxi operation. Musk has used 'robotaxi' and 'Cybercab' interchangeably, which is a frequent source of confusion."},{"label":"Autonomy (camera-only FSD)","value":"Cybercab relies on Tesla's camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar; see brain tesla-fsd-bot). A May 2026 Reuters investigation reported Tesla's FSD safety statistics are methodologically flawed (challenged by 10 of 11 researchers) and that Tesla pre-maps its robotaxi zones, contradicting earlier 'no mapping' claims; unsupervised FSD has faced delays."},{"label":"Tesla product-family disambiguation","value":"Distinct from Tesla Optimus (humanoid; see tesla-optimus) and from Tesla's FSD AI stack (brain tesla-fsd-bot). Cybercab is the purpose-built AV vehicle line; the registry classifies it form_factor=av (NHTSA/DMV-governed road vehicle), cohorting with robotaxi AVs (Waymo, Zoox, Apollo Go) rather than with humanoids."},{"label":"Honest absence (June 2026)","value":"No verified consumer transactions, no published purchase pathway, no published warranty or service terms, and no verified real-world Cybercab deployment or deliveries. Registry maturity=research reflects the absence of any verified real-world operation despite early (pilot-stage) manufacturing."}],"range":"280 mi","battery":"48 kWh","display":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen","seating":"2 passengers","autonomy":"Tesla camera-only Full Self-Driving (FSD); no lidar or radar; 'unsupervised' autonomy intended","charging":"inductive / wireless (no charge port)","controls":"no steering wheel or pedals","weight_kg":1412,"formFactor":"av (purpose-built two-seat road robotaxi)","battery_kwh":"~35 kWh","batteryRange":"planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)","sensor_suite":"camera-only Full Self-Driving (no lidar or radar)","exteriorOmissions":"no side mirrors, no rear window"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","title":"Tesla 'We, Robot' event (Cybercab unveiling, Oct 10 2024)","sourceName":"Tesla (official)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/10/tesla-reveals-20-cybercabs-at-we-robot-event/","title":"Tesla reveals 20 Cybercabs at We, Robot; sub-$30k claim, no wheel/pedals, inductive charging","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/10/elon-musk-hypes-a-30000-tesla-cybercab-robovan-at-robotaxi-event.html","title":"Musk hypes $30,000 Cybercab at robotaxi event (design + price target)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001318605/000162828026026551/exhibit991.htm","title":"Tesla Q1 FY2026 8-K exhibit (Cybercab 'Pilot Production' at Giga Texas)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (Tesla filing)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-24/musk-says-tesla-has-begun-production-of-its-cybercab-robotaxi","title":"Tesla starts Cybercab production, Musk says (claimed-not-verified framing)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/23/tesla-cybercab-production-starts-no-nhtsa-2500-vehicle-cap/","title":"Tesla confirms Cybercab production started despite unsupervised-FSD delays; self-certified to FMVSS","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://news.alphastreet.com/tesla-inc-tsla-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/","title":"Tesla Q1 2026 earnings call (Musk: 'just started production'; volume production targeted 2026)","sourceName":"AlphaStreet (Tesla transcript)"},{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/whats-the-difference-between-teslas-cybercab-and-robotaxi-2000724073","title":"Difference between Cybercab and Robotaxi (deployed service runs on Model Y, not Cybercab)","sourceName":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/22/tesla-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-austin-with-big-promises-and-unanswered-questions/","title":"Tesla launches Austin robotaxi on Model Y with safety monitors (June 2025; not Cybercab)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/28/tesla-fsd-safety-stats-misleading-reuters-investigation/","title":"Reuters: Tesla's camera-only FSD safety stats challenged; robotaxi zones pre-mapped","sourceName":"Electrek (Reuters investigation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab","title":"Tesla Cybercab","sourceName":"Wikipedia"}],"aliases":["Tesla Cybercab","Cybercab"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Seating","value":"2 passengers"},{"label":"Price","value":"Below $30,000 (stated target)"},{"label":"Display","value":"~20.5 inch center touchscreen"},{"label":"Battery range","value":"Planned ~35 kWh / ~200 mi range (Tesla-stated, unverified)"},{"label":"Production status","value":"Pilot Production at Giga Texas (first unit Feb 2026)"},{"label":"FMVSS","value":"Tesla self-certified the Cybercab to FMVSS to bypass NHTSA's 2,500-unit AV exemption cap."},{"label":"Calibration","value":"Cybercabs retrofitted with steering wheels/pedals for calibration miles before unsupervised operation"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Musk: 'hardest product to scale manufacturing' — everything on the robot is new"},{"label":"Price target","value":"$25,000 per unit (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Operating cost","value":"Sub-$0.20 per mile (company-reported target)"},{"label":"Production rate target","value":"1 per 10 seconds (would be fastest auto production ever)"},{"label":"Production start","value":"April 2026 at Giga Texas"},{"label":"Volume production timeline","value":"SLIPPED — 'volume production' language removed from Q2 2026 shareholder letter. Was targeted for 2026."},{"label":"App features (v26.6.0)","value":"Gesture-based seat controls, drag climate, hold-to-open powered doors w/ e-stop, phone media remote (music + Netflix)"},{"label":"Cybercab controls","value":"No steering wheel/pedals — gesture seat incline/recline, bench controls, drag climate, powered doors with emergency stop"},{"label":"Public launch (announced)","value":"Aug 2026: Tesla preparing public Cybercab launch in Austin, starting with employee rides on public roads. Winners to attend launch event announced by Aug 25. Regulators don't currently allow commercial steering-wheel-free robotaxis (per Mashable/The Information)."},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Unboxed process — large sub-assemblies built in parallel before final merge"},{"label":"JPMorgan intel (Aug 2026)","value":"Tesla holding back Model Y robotaxi conversions, confident in Cybercab near-term scaling"},{"label":"Form factor strategy","value":"Cybercab is initial form factor; additional vehicle types expected (robovan demo referenced)"},{"label":"FSD V15","value":"Step-change upgrade with 7 core technologies, 40% tested in robotaxi fleet. AI4.5: 10% higher FLOPS, 2x memory"},"Price=Under $30,000 (Musk confirmed, due before 2027)","Design=Two-passenger, no steering wheel or pedals, wireless charging","Production=Begins 2026, anticipated customer deliveries end of 2026","Compute=Tesla AI5 chip (in-house, TSMC/Samsung fabrication)","Sensor suite=Camera-only (Tesla vision-only philosophy, no LiDAR)","Robotaxi model=Autonomous ride-hailing network; Tesla operates fleet","Robovan concept=Separate 20-seat autonomous vehicle also announced"],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T14:39:35.678Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-20T03:42:31.241Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e50c5b84-6109-4947-9347-611da757f988","modelId":"29951756-3e69-44e2-bc13-aa01909c0098","versionId":null,"locationId":"8739a109-0a83-44fb-93b2-02882fce0d38","operatorId":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","ownerId":null,"slug":"tesla-robotaxi-orlando-tampa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":80,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"public_right_of_way","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":3,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi","title":"Tesla Robotaxi - Wikipedia"}],"notes":"Tesla robotaxi launched in Orlando and Tampa on July 21, 2026. Full commercial service. Part of Tesla 7-city H1 2026 expansion plan.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Launch date","value":"July 21, 2026"},{"label":"Cities","value":"Orlando + Tampa"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-09T23:49:50.641Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:10:30.081Z"},"company":{"id":"bde7c8a1-5d35-449d-93b0-2ac8e4601c16","name":"Tesla","slug":"tesla","description":"Electric-vehicle and AI company (NASDAQ: TSLA), founded 2003 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, with a physical-AI program spanning three robotics fronts: a [robotaxi ride-hailing service](/models/tesla-robotaxi), the [Optimus](/models/tesla-optimus) humanoid robot, and the forthcoming purpose-built [Cybercab](/models/tesla-cybercab).\n\nRobotaxi: Tesla launched robotaxi service in Austin in July 2025 and operates in two markets as of mid-2026: Austin (unsupervised L4 driverless; small active fleet of ~14, of ~42 vehicles registered with the Texas DMV, late May 2026) and the San Francisco Bay Area (supervised L2 under a CPUC TCP permit; ~1,655 vehicles registered with CPUC but only ~9 active as of late May 2026, down from a ~168 peak in January 2026). The active US unsupervised fleet is ~20 (14 Austin / 3 Dallas / 3 Houston) and has declined since a late-2025 / early-2026 peak; registered counts far exceed the active operating fleet. The vehicles are 2026 Model Y cars running Tesla's [Full Self-Driving / Autonomous Driving System](/brains/tesla-fsd-bot). At its Q4 2025 earnings call (January 2026), Tesla announced plans to expand to seven additional US cities (Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) in H1 2026; Dallas and Houston launched in April 2026, while the other five (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) slipped to 'preparations underway'. The Austin operation carries a [federally-mandated crash-reporting record](/incidents/tesla-robotaxi-austin-nhtsa-crash-record-2025-2026) (17 NHTSA-reported incidents July 2025 to March 2026, including two teleoperator-caused crashes; zero major crashes and no citations per Austin PD), and NHTSA has separately inquired into videos of erratic driving.\n\nOptimus: Tesla's humanoid robot, with Gen 3 mass production commencing at the Fremont factory on January 21, 2026. Notably, at the January 2026 earnings call [Musk](/people/elon-musk) admitted that as of then zero Optimus robots were doing 'useful work' in Tesla's factories. Units at Fremont and Giga Texas are in a supervised learning and data-collection phase, not yet performing productive autonomous manufacturing work. Tesla committed $20B+ in 2026 capex toward Optimus, plans to convert its Fremont Model S/X lines to Optimus manufacturing (toward a stated 1-million-unit/year capacity by end-2026), and is constructing a dedicated Giga Texas facility, all production-capacity ambitions, with first productive internal deployment projected for late 2026 to 2027.\n\nCybercab: a purpose-built, steering-wheel-free dedicated robotaxi vehicle, with production expected to begin around April 2026, not yet the deployed service vehicle as of early 2026.\n\nTesla's physical-AI program operates under intense regulatory and public scrutiny, and is notable for the gap between its publicly stated targets and demonstrated results.","status":"public","founded":2003,"hq":"Austin, Texas, USA","hqLat":30.2711286,"hqLng":-97.7436995,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:51:18.270Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"tesla.com","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.tesla.com/we-robot","label":"Tesla — Optimus","title":"Tesla — Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Tesla","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)","label":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","title":"Optimus (robot) — Wikipedia","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"id":"1d8de986-2997-4108-846b-fa0e891bbaca","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/waymo-halts-freeway-rides-after-robotaxis-struggle-in-construction-zones/","label":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","title":"Waymo halts freeway rides after robotaxis struggle in construction zones","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-21T22:15:00.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-robotaxi-austin-14-crashes-nhtsa/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","title":"Tesla robotaxi Austin launch, expansion plans, NHTSA erratic-driving inquiry","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2026-02-17"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/15/tesla-reveals-two-robotaxi-crashes-involving-teleoperators/","label":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","title":"Tesla's two teleoperator-caused robotaxi crashes; 17 NHTSA incidents unredacted","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-15"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/22/tesla-optimus-production-fremont-model-sx-line/","label":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","title":"Musk admits zero Optimus doing useful work; Fremont Model S/X line conversion to Optimus","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-22"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/05/26/tesla-robotaxi-fleet-shrinking-not-growing/","label":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","title":"Tesla robotaxi active fleet shrinking (34 total/20 unsupervised, May 2026); safety bottleneck","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-05-26"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/04/18/tesla-robotaxi-launches-dallas-houston-small-geofences/","label":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","title":"Tesla robotaxi Dallas/Houston launch; fleet ~80 Austin; transparency/redaction record","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek","publishedAt":"2026-04-18"},{"id":"9f27242c-8a18-4866-8859-e23d7692abd6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/28/waymo-dominates-texas-autonomous-vehicle-registrations-as-tesla-trails-behind/","label":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","title":"Waymo dominates autonomous vehicle registrations as Tesla trails behind","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Transportation & Auto News | TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2026-05-29T00:14:35.000Z"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs/autonomous-vehicle-program-permits-issued","title":"CPUC — passenger-transportation / AV program permits. Tesla holds a TCP (charter-party) permit for the CA Bay Area ride-hailing service; ~1,655 vehicles registered per CPUC TCP filings (reported late May 2026).","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-28/tesla-reveals-its-texas-robotaxi-fleet-is-dwarfed-by-waymo-s","title":"Tesla's Texas robotaxi fleet is 42 vehicles (official TX DMV registration), dwarfed by Waymo's (May 28 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Company","value":"Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA); founded 2003; CEO Elon Musk"},{"label":"Robotics Division","value":"Tesla Optimus humanoid robot program (announced 2021 AI Day); led by Milan Kovac (VP Engineering)"},{"label":"Optimus Claims","value":"Claimed: 5'8\" height, 125 lbs, 2 mph walking speed, 150 lbs lifting capacity, $20K target price. Verifiable: public demos 2022-2024 showing slow walking, basic object manipulation; no independent verification of production readiness"},{"label":"Autonomy Transfer","value":"FSD (Full Self-Driving) neural network and Dojo supercomputer training intended for robotics transfer; Ashok Elluswamy leads software stack"},{"label":"Patents","value":"3 USPTO robotics patents (humanoid design, linear actuator, tendon-driven hand) under Tesla assignee; broader automotive autonomy patent portfolio"},{"label":"Manufacturing","value":"Optimus manufacturing intended for Tesla Gigafactory Austin; 2024 claims of production line for training data collection"},{"label":"VVC Note","value":"Tesla Optimus claims are heavily marketing-inflated vs verifiable capability; timeline promises (2022 production, 2023 useful tasks) have not materialized; honest-absence on production scale"},{"label":"Optimus production timeline","value":"Slow ramp starting late July/Aug 2026 at Fremont; Gen 3 reveal pushed to mid-2026 (per Musk Jul 1, 2026)"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Latest_Tesla_Optimus_Humanoid_Robot.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY 2.0)"},{"label":"First public Megacharger","value":"Bloomington, CA — 6 stalls at 1.2 MW each (opened July 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Chandler AZ","value":"56 V4 Supercharger stalls on S Roosevelt Ave, Chandler AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"Robotaxi charging — Mesa AZ","value":"V4 Supercharger site at 5349 E Main St, Mesa AZ — private, Robotaxi-only (permitted, April 2026)"},{"label":"SF robo-charging cancelled","value":"Dropped plans for 150+ vehicle robo-charging site at 825 Sansome St, San Francisco (cancelled Feb 2026, Teamsters pushback)"},{"label":"We, Robot VVC (Oct 2024)","value":"Optimus demo claimed autonomous interaction — verified teleoperated. Bloomberg + Morgan Stanley confirmed human remote control. Tesla issued no correction. Marquee demo-vs-reality gap."},{"label":"Teleoperation timeline","value":"Oct 10: demo → Oct 12: MKBHD questions → Oct 13: Scoble engineer confirms → Oct 14: Bloomberg + Adam Jonas confirm tele-ops"},{"label":"Nevada AVNC Permit","value":"AVNC Permit 002 approved by Nevada Transportation Authority for paid robotaxi service in Las Vegas"},{"label":"Nevada fleet cap","value":"10 vehicles initially (requested 5,000); 5,000 unit cap gives runway if market moves faster"},{"label":"Las Vegas operating area","value":"Las Vegas Strip corridor only, 45 mph max, no Harry Reid Airport pickups"},{"label":"Nevada robotaxi target","value":"~2,500 robotaxis deployed in Nevada by Aug 2027 (company-stated aspiration)"},{"label":"First responder training","value":"Partnered with Texas law enforcement for 5-minute instructional video for autonomous vehicle emergencies"},{"label":"Mission control centers","value":"Two operational (Austin + Bay Area); open to more as fleet expands"},{"label":"Optimus Supply Chain","value":"Sanhua (linear actuators ~19% BOM, $685M order), Tuopu (rotary actuators ~13%), Nidec (precision motors), Moog (electromechanical actuators), Green Harmonic + HDS (harmonic drives). 60-70% Chinese components. NdFeB magnets ~8% BOM, ~100% China-sourced."},{"label":"Optimus BOM Breakdown","value":"Core components 45-50% of cost: actuators ~35% ($7K), harmonic/RV reducers ~10-15% ($2-3K), ball screws ~$500-1K. 14 rotary actuators + linear actuators. 60-70% Chinese components."},{"label":"Optimus Reducer Suppliers","value":"Green Harmonic (688017) — leading harmonic reducer supplier (~25% market share, targeting 60% by 2026 at 30-40% lower prices than Japanese). Fengli Intelligent (301368) — secondary, 500K-unit line Q4 2025. Beite Technology (603009) — ball screws ±5μm for dexterous hands."},{"label":"Optimus Tier 0.5","value":"Top Group (Tuopu) positioned as Tier 0.5 supplier — undertakes assembly of linear/rotary actuators. Sanhua for linear actuator assemblies (~$685M order)."}],"aliases":["Tesla Inc","Tesla Motors","Tesla Optimus","Tesla FSD","Tesla Cybercab","Tesla Robotaxi"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"TSLA","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":134785,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T17:24:17.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:29:37.217Z"}},{"id":"85372649-23d9-4f85-aadd-774d5828a708","slug":"regulatory-action-2026-07-01-waymo","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"California SB 1246 and AB 1777 take effect July 1, 2026 - new AV regulations","summary":"California SB 1246 reinforces requirements for remote assistants and drivers of commercial AVs. AB 1777 establishes requirements for how driverless AVs interact with first responders and emergency operations. Both take effect July 1, 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","deploymentId":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-03T04:05:52.501Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","modelName":"Waymo Driver (6th gen)","slug":"waymo-driver-gen6","description":"The sixth-generation Waymo Driver is Waymo's autonomous driving stack for fully autonomous robotaxi service. The platform integrates 13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars, and external audio receivers, with overlapping 360° coverage and a detection range up to roughly 500 meters in nominal conditions. Compared to the fifth-generation system on the Jaguar I-PACE, the sixth-gen system uses 42% fewer total sensors. Waymo says the per-unit hardware cost is targeted under $20,000 — a more than 50% reduction from the 5th-gen system. Currently runs on the Zeekr RT (sold as the “Ojai” robotaxi, purpose-built without a steering wheel or pedals) and the Hyundai IONIQ 5; began fully autonomous commercial operations in February 2026.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"drive_mode":"fully_autonomous","generation":6,"lidar_count":4,"radar_count":6,"camera_count":13,"vehicle_platforms":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Hyundai IONIQ 5","external_audio_receivers":true,"detection_range_m_nominal_approx":500,"target_unit_cost_usd_under_waymo_stated":20000},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/08/meet-the-6th-generation-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Meet the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (primary announcement, sensor suite + cost targets)","publishedAt":"2024-08-19"},{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/ro-on-6th-gen-waymo-driver/","label":"Waymo blog — Beginning fully autonomous operations with the 6th-gen Driver (primary, commercial launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/12/waymo-begins-deploying-next-gen-ojai-robotaxis-to-extend-its-us-lead.html","label":"CNBC — Waymo begins deploying next-gen Ojai robotaxis (third-party trade coverage of the launch)","publishedAt":"2026-02-12"},{"url":"https://www.wardsauto.com/news/archive-auto-waymo-6th-generation-driver-autonomous-driving-hardware-robotaxi-lidar-ai/725519/","label":"WardsAuto — Inside the 6th-generation Waymo Driver (third-party deep-dive on the hardware suite)","publishedAt":"2024-08-29"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"fully autonomous (SAE Level 4)"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"13 cameras, 4 LiDARs, 6 radars, external audio receivers (EARs)"},{"label":"Detection range","value":"up to ~500 meters in nominal conditions"},{"label":"Sensor cost (6th-gen)","value":"Targeted under $20,000 per unit on top of vehicle cost; >50% reduction from 5th-gen"},{"label":"Sensor reduction","value":"42% fewer sensors vs 5th-gen (29 cameras→13, 5 LiDARs→4, radar unchanged at 6)"},{"label":"Camera specs","value":"17-megapixel imager — generation ahead of other automotive cameras in resolution, dynamic range, low-light sensitivity"},{"label":"LiDAR","value":"Waymo custom in-house: 360-degree top lidar + perimeter lidars; cost reduced >90% from $75K off-the-shelf to ~$7,500 (2017), now likely <$1,000/unit"},{"label":"Radar","value":"Waymo custom imaging radar — 360-degree view, enhanced resolution, tracks moving/stopped objects"},{"label":"Compute platform","value":"NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (2,000 TOPS FP8, Blackwell architecture) + Waymo custom Google TPU-based compute; dual redundant computing engines"},{"label":"5th-gen sensor cost (Bloomberg)","value":"~$9,300 per vehicle for 24 sensors (cameras, radar, lidar) on Jaguar I-PACE"},{"label":"Per-mile operating cost","value":"Estimated ~$1.40–$2.31/mi operating cost; passenger price ~$42/mi (vs Uber/Lyft ~$30/mi)"},{"label":"Cash contribution margin","value":"63% cash contribution margins (JPMorgan estimate, Aug 2024); 35% fleet utilization"},{"label":"Price","value":"6th-gen Driver targeted under $20,000 per unit"},{"label":"Vehicle platforms","value":"Zeekr RT (Ojai); Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen); Hyundai IONIQ 5 (announced)"},{"label":"Fleet size","value":"~3,000 vehicles total (Nov 2025); 500,000+ paid rides/week; 14M+ trips in 2025"},{"label":"Key suppliers","value":"NVIDIA (DRIVE Thor), Waymo in-house (LiDAR, cameras, radar, software), Google (TPU, Gemini), Jaguar Land Rover (I-PACE platform), Geely/Zeekr (MIX platform)"},"5th gen sensor cost=$9,300 per car (24 sensors: cameras, radar, LiDAR — excludes compute)","6th gen Driver cost=Under $20,000 per unit (50%+ reduction from 5th gen)","Vehicle platform=Jaguar I-PACE (luxury EV, ~$70K base MSRP); Zeekr platform next","Compute=NVIDIA DRIVE Thor (or custom Waymo compute)","LiDAR=Waymo custom in-house LiDAR (not external supplier)","Fleet=Thousands of vehicles; expanding to Zeekr platform","Per-mile operating cost=Targeting profitability at scale; 6th gen key to reducing per-mile cost","6th gen launch=Feb 2026, fully driverless operations began, targeting 1M weekly rides"],"createdAt":"2026-05-25T04:41:57.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:48.073Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":3500,"unitsInFieldVerified":1500,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":3500,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2025/05/scaling-our-fleet-through-us-manufacturing","label":"1,500 vehicles across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Austin"},{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/news/661025/waymo-fleet-size-factory-arizona-jaguar-robotaxi-zeekr","label":"Waymo says it will add 2,000 more robotaxis into 2026"},{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/waymo/comments/1r2xc8p/","label":"Waymo has said it plans on adding only 2,000 more vehicles in 2026, for a total fleet size of 3,500"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZBbunKAnFX/","label":"Waymo runs 577 robotaxis in Texas"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"autonomous","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"e7cd9869-2e0f-4829-affa-53b958c66323","modelId":"c9a56a6c-55d4-40e3-b080-70a6f04e6956","versionId":null,"locationId":"fb8edc1a-123a-4d92-8767-b58d01f7410c","operatorId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","ownerId":null,"slug":"waymo-driver-gen6-sacramento-california","status":"announced","firstSeen":"2025-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.electrek.co/2026/08/15/waymo-18-county-expansion","title":"Waymo wins California approval to expand robotaxis across 18 counties"}],"notes":"CPUC approved Waymo to expand driverless robotaxi service across 18 California counties including Sacramento as a new market.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Regulatory approval","value":"CPUC approved 18-county expansion"},{"label":"Date","value":"August 2026"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T04:21:06.790Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:46.797Z"},"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"a0adfbbd-4704-4168-a711-38667b3c51bd","slug":"regulatory-action-2026-07-01-serve-robotics","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Georgia HB 986 takes effect July 1, 2026 - delivery robot sidewalk speed raised to 7 mph","summary":"Georgia HB 986 takes effect July 1, 2026. Raises sidewalk delivery robot speed limit from 4 to 7 mph. Also requires continuous audio for visually impaired. Affects Serve Robotics and other operators in Atlanta.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"a2afce41-277c-435b-9bb1-e4f7eff0f066","deploymentId":"c5d2d119-c24b-4c7d-98ee-5d41823567e7","companyId":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"other","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[33,7490000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":1,"d":[84,3880000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-03T04:16:17.653Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"a2afce41-277c-435b-9bb1-e4f7eff0f066","companyId":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","modelName":"Serve Gen 3","slug":"serve-gen3","description":"Serve Gen 3 is the third-generation autonomous sidewalk delivery robot of Serve Robotics, a public company listed on the Nasdaq under the ticker SERV, and is recorded in the sidewalk form factor as the public-company counterpoint to privately held delivery peers, since its SEC-disclosed quarterly filings give it stronger verification depth. Serve originated as Postmates X, the robotics division founded around 2017, and spun out as an independent company on March 2, 2021 with seed funding led by Neo after Uber acquired Postmates for 2.65 billion dollars, with Uber retaining a minority stake that has diluted over time; it later became public through a 2023 SPAC merger rather than a conventional initial public offering, and is led by co-founder and chief executive Ali Kashani. The Gen 3 robot, rolled out in October 2024, is roughly twice as fast and travels twice as far as Gen 2 at about half the manufacturing cost, with five times the onboard compute on NVIDIA Jetson Orin, an Ouster REV7 digital lidar, and a multi-sensor suite of RGB and time-of-flight cameras, ultrasonics, and GPS, and it operates as an operator-supervised Level 4 system, remotely monitored from Serve's local operations centers with human oversight and takeover available rather than being driverless. Its anchor commercial relationship is a May 2023 agreement with Uber to deploy up to two thousand robots on Uber Eats across US markets, since extended with DoorDash and a Shake Shack tie-in. As of its first-quarter 2026 results Serve reported revenue of three million dollars, about 197 million dollars in cash and marketable securities, a net loss of forty-nine million dollars, and 812 daily-active robots within a built fleet of roughly two thousand across forty-four cities in fourteen states; the registry records the verified active markets as US-only, including Los Angeles, Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, and Alexandria, Virginia, and treats the two-thousand-robot figure as built capacity rather than simultaneously active.","formFactor":"sidewalk","industryVertical":"logistics","environment":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Heritage","value":"Originated as Postmates X (~2017); spun out as independent Serve Robotics on Mar 2 2021 (Neo-led seed; Uber retained a minority stake, diluted over time to ~12%) after Uber's $2.65B Postmates acquisition. CEO/co-founder Ali Kashani. Became public via a 2023 SPAC merger (Patricia Acquisition Corp), NOT a conventional IPO."},{"label":"Uber Eats partnership","value":"May 30 2023 commercial deal to deploy up to 2,000 Serve robots on Uber Eats across multiple US markets (grew out of a West Hollywood pilot); reaffirmed at the Gen 3 rollout. Also DoorDash (Oct 2025) and a Shake Shack tie-in."},{"label":"Financials (public, Q1 2026, SEC/IR)","value":"Revenue $3.0M (+578% YoY; fleet services $1.958M / software $1.026M); cash + marketable securities ~$197.4M (Mar 31 2026); net loss $49.0M (~$(0.65)/sh); 812 daily-active robots; FY2026 revenue guidance ~$26M. Public-company quarterly disclosure is the editorial point: stronger verification depth than private peers (cite IR/SEC over aggregators)."},{"label":"Cap-flags","value":"'2,000 robots' = built/deployed CAPACITY, not simultaneously active - Q1 2026 daily-active is 812; aggregators conflate built-vs-active. 'Largest US sidewalk delivery fleet' is Serve's US-scoped self-claim (Starship runs 3,000+ globally). Vancouver as a current market is UNVERIFIED in primary sources - markets are US-only; drop it. Operator-supervised L4 (Serve markets '99.8% completion / L4' but robots are remotely monitored with human takeover), not driverless."}],"specs":"Serve Gen 3: third-generation autonomous sidewalk delivery robot (rolled out Oct 16 2024). Roughly 2x top speed and 2x range vs Gen 2, +6 field-hours/day, 40% faster braking, +15% cargo volume, manufacturing cost ~halved, 5x onboard compute (NVIDIA Jetson Orin), Ouster REV7 digital lidar plus RGB/ToF cameras, ultrasonics, and GPS. Operator-supervised Level 4: remotely monitored from Serve's local operations centers with human oversight/takeover. Fleet (Q1 2026): ~2,000 robots BUILT, 812 daily-active; footprint 44 cities across 14 states. Verified active markets (US-only): Los Angeles, Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, Alexandria VA (DC metro).","runtime":"14 h","max_speed":"10 km/h","weight_kg":73,"formFactor":"sidewalk (operator-supervised L4 sidewalk delivery robot; public company NASDAQ: SERV, SEC-disclosed)","payload_kg":23},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/05/07/3290495/0/en/serve-robotics-announces-first-quarter-2026-results-with-3x-sequential-revenue-growth.html","title":"Serve Robotics Q1 2026 results: revenue $3.0M (+578% YoY), ~$197.4M cash + securities, net loss $49M, 812 daily-active robots, 44 cities/14 states","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR / GlobeNewswire)"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-spins-out-postmates-seed-funding-neo-build-next","title":"Serve Robotics spins out of Postmates (Mar 2 2021; Neo-led seed; Uber retained stake; CEO Ali Kashani)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/serve-unveils-commercial-deal-with-uber-to-enable-scaling-of-robotic-delivery-301836751.html","title":"Serve unveils commercial deal with Uber: up to 2,000 robots on Uber Eats across US markets (May 30 2023)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://serverobotics.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-rolls-out-third-generation-autonomous-delivery","title":"Serve rolls out 3rd-gen robot: ~2x speed/range, halved cost, 5x compute (Jetson Orin), Ouster REV7 lidar (Oct 16 2024)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://serverobotics.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-builds-2000-autonomous-delivery-robots-creating","title":"Serve builds 2,000 robots; market list + 110 neighborhoods (Dec 12 2025)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-02/uber-spins-off-robotic-delivery-unit-takes-stake-in-new-startup","title":"Uber spins off robotic delivery unit, takes stake in new startup (retained-stake corroboration)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001832483&type=10-Q","title":"Serve Robotics Inc (NASDAQ: SERV) SEC EDGAR 10-Q filings (CIK 0001832483) - public-company quarterly disclosure","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.restaurantdive.com/news/serve-robotics-debuts-los-angeles-faster-larger-robots-uber-eats-deal/729973/","label":"Serve Robotics debuts larger robots, Uber Eats deal for up to 2,000 robots","title":"Serve Robotics debuts larger robots, Uber Eats deal for up to 2,000 robots","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Restaurant Dive","publishedAt":"2024-10-16"},{"url":"https://www.stocktitan.net/news/SERV/serve-robotics-announces-first-quarter-2026-results-with-3x-3jokz86uimr4.html","label":"Serve Robotics Q1 2026 results (812 daily active robots)","title":"Serve Robotics Q1 2026 results (812 daily active robots)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (StockTitan)","publishedAt":"2026-05-11"}],"aliases":["Serve Gen 3","Serve Gen3","Serve Robotics delivery robot"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"Operator-supervised Level 4"},{"label":"Sensor suite","value":"Ouster REV7 digital lidar, RGB/ToF cameras, ultrasonics, and GPS"},{"label":"Runtime","value":"+6 field-hours/day"},{"label":"Operating speed","value":"Roughly 2x top speed vs Gen 2"},{"label":"Range","value":"2x range vs Gen 2"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.315Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T17:18:55.995Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":2000,"unitsInFieldVerified":812,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":2000,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":"2026-07-08T00:00:00.000Z","unitsSource":[{"url":"https://www.stocktitan.net/news/SERV/serve-robotics-builds-2-000-autonomous-delivery-robots-creating-7im9rhb8dddx.html","label":"Serve Robotics deploys 2,000 robots, creating the largest U.S. sidewalk fleet"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/","label":"building 2,000 autonomous delivery robots"}],"salesModel":"not_sold","priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":"supervised","autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"c5d2d119-c24b-4c7d-98ee-5d41823567e7","modelId":"a2afce41-277c-435b-9bb1-e4f7eff0f066","versionId":null,"locationId":"5c934778-d5e7-46d3-abd9-a58f4fed9940","operatorId":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","ownerId":null,"slug":"serve-gen3-west-hollywood","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery","inventory"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":10,"siteType":"port","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"undisclosed","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://wehoonline.com/update-robot-roadblock-west-hollywood-resident-calls-action-sidewalk-incident/","label":"WEHOonline — Serve sidewalk delivery robot operating in West Hollywood"},{"url":"https://beverlypress.com/2023/10/delivery-robots-draw-ire-of-weho-residents/","label":"Beverly Press / Park Labrea News — Serve robots in West Hollywood","publishedAt":"2023-10-01"},{"url":"https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/serve-robotics-uber-eats-unveil-robotic-delivery-in-southern-california/2917977/","title":"Serve + Uber Eats unveil robotic delivery in Hollywood / West Hollywood","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"NBC Los Angeles"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/30/serve-robotics-to-deploy-up-to-2000-sidewalk-delivery-bots-on-uber-eats/","title":"Serve to deploy up to 2,000 sidewalk bots on Uber Eats (LA pilot began in West Hollywood)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/13/serve-robotics-new-autonomous-sidewalk-delivery-robots-dont-require-human-assist/","title":"Serve's next-gen L4 sidewalk robots operating in LA neighborhoods","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://serverobotics.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-rolls-out-third-generation-autonomous-delivery","title":"Serve rolls out third-generation autonomous delivery robot (LA-first)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2024/10/16/serve-robotics-unveils-gen3-autonomous-delivery-robots-scale-across-us/","title":"Serve unveils Gen3 robots (specs; LA-first via Uber Eats)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/serve-robotics-has-deployed-2000-delivery-robots-across-u-s/","title":"Serve Robotics has deployed 2,000+ delivery robots across the US","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"The Robot Report","publishedAt":"2025-12-16"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-announces-expanded-los-angeles-delivery-extended","title":"Serve expands LA delivery; 200+ restaurants in West Hollywood, Hollywood and Fairfax on Uber Eats","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (IR)"}],"notes":"Serve Robotics operates Gen 3 sidewalk delivery robots in West Hollywood, where the devices have drawn attention from residents over sidewalk-related concerns. Local coverage from October 2023 noted that the robots have drawn ire from some West Hollywood residents. As of December 2025, Serve reported more than 2,000 delivery robots deployed across the US, and lists 200+ restaurants in West Hollywood, Hollywood and Fairfax available through Uber Eats. These are company and metro figures, not a West Hollywood site count.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Fleet","value":"Serve Gen 3 sidewalk delivery robots"},{"label":"Operator","value":"Serve Robotics"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"West Hollywood"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Sidewalk delivery robots"},{"label":"Status","value":"Operating as of October 2023"},{"label":"Operator US fleet","value":"2,000+ robots (Dec 2025)"},{"label":"Nearby restaurants","value":"200+ in West Hollywood, Hollywood and Fairfax on Uber Eats"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"retail","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T18:26:30.874Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:09:01.253Z"},"company":{"id":"fe7b5d4c-4e52-4f57-8593-b8289761539b","name":"Serve Robotics","slug":"serve-robotics","description":"Los Angeles-based autonomous sidewalk delivery robot company spun off from Uber's Postmates division. Founded by CEO Ali Kashani and VP MJ Burk Chun, Serve Robotics develops Level 4 autonomous delivery robots deployed for Uber Eats. Listed on [Nasdaq](/companies/nasdaq): SERV. Raised $80M in total funding. Expanding to DC area and other markets in 2025.","status":"public","founded":2017,"hq":"Los Angeles, CA","hqLat":34.0536909,"hqLng":-118.242766,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:48:10.636Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"serverobotics.com","fundingTotal":"247000000","type":"hardware","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.serverobotics.com","label":"Serve Robotics — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve_Robotics","label":"Wikipedia — Serve Robotics"},{"url":"https://ir.serverobotics.com","label":"Serve Robotics — Investor relations (public filings)"},{"url":"https://investors.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-enters-production-agreement-magna-scale-robot","title":"Serve Robotics enters production agreement with Magna to scale robot manufacturing (Apr 24, 2024)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/serve-robotics-enters-production-agreement-with-magna-to-scale-robot-manufacturing-302125462.html","title":"Serve Robotics enters production agreement with Magna (Apr 24, 2024)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (PR Newswire)"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001832483/000183248325000009/serv-20241231xex991earning.htm","title":"Serve Robotics Q4 and full-year 2024 earnings release (Form 8-K exhibit 99.1)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001832483/000183248325000037/serv-20250331xex991earning.htm","title":"Serve Robotics Q1 2025 earnings release (Form 8-K exhibit 99.1)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001832483/000183248325000107/serv-20250930xex991earning.htm","title":"Serve Robotics Q3 2025 earnings release (Form 8-K exhibit 99.1)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR"},{"url":"https://ir.serverobotics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/serve-robotics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2025","title":"Serve Robotics announces Q4 and full-year 2025 results (Mar 11, 2026)","sourceName":"Serve Robotics (investor relations)"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/18/uber-nvidia-backed-serve-robotics-hits-public-markets-with-40m-splash/","title":"Uber- and NVIDIA-backed Serve Robotics hits public markets with $40M (Apr 18, 2024)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/01/serve-robotics-and-wing-to-trial-robot-to-drone-delivery-in-dallas/","title":"Serve Robotics and Wing to trial robot-to-drone delivery in Dallas (Oct 1, 2024)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Listing","value":"Public, Nasdaq: SERV"},{"label":"Robots","value":"Sidewalk delivery robots (Uber Eats and other partners)"},{"label":"Origin","value":"Spun off from Uber/Postmates"},{"label":"Notable incident","value":"Robot 'Nasir' shattered a Chicago CTA bus shelter (Mar 2026)"},{"label":"CEO","value":"Ali Kashani"},{"label":"Co-founder","value":"MJ Burk Chun"},{"label":"Stock","value":"Nasdaq: SERV"},{"label":"Total funding","value":"$80M"},{"label":"Partners","value":"Uber Eats"},{"label":"LA deployment zones","value":"6 deployment zones across 40 LA neighborhoods, 500+ bots active (verified, May 2026)"},{"label":"Koreatown expansion","value":"Delivery service expanded to Koreatown, LA; 2,000 robots upgraded with new lidar hardware"},{"label":"Product","value":"Serve autonomous sidewalk delivery robot"},{"label":"Deployments","value":"Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas — Uber Eats partnership"}],"aliases":["Serve Robotics Inc","Serve robot","Serve delivery"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":"SERV","stockExchange":"NASDAQ","secCik":"0001832483","revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":380,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-24T05:11:41.236Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:16:31.644Z"}},{"id":"1a9c293e-eb71-4276-b38e-8252fac2dbba","slug":"regulatory-action-2026-07-01-medtronic","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"Medtronic Hugo surgical robot earns FDA clearance for additional indication","summary":"Medtronic's Hugo surgical robot earned FDA clearance, reported July 1, 2026. Expansion of Hugo system into additional surgical indications.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"3e170eb2-145b-41a2-88d0-8ff93a5f4e78","deploymentId":"3c597886-fc25-48dd-b634-68db703c7f64","companyId":"5ed6adff-c714-4880-bb1e-62af35017f4f","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-03T05:04:36.552Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-14T21:53:38.350Z","model":{"id":"3e170eb2-145b-41a2-88d0-8ff93a5f4e78","companyId":"5ed6adff-c714-4880-bb1e-62af35017f4f","modelName":"Hugo RAS","slug":"medtronic-hugo","description":"Medtronic (NYSE: MDT; founded 1949 in Minneapolis, with legal headquarters in Dublin) makes the Hugo robotic-assisted surgery system, the late-market big-medtech challenger to Intuitive's da Vinci. Hugo is a modular multi-port teleoperated platform that received its European CE mark for urologic and gynecologic procedures on October 11, 2021, and, in the key regulatory milestone, US FDA clearance on December 3, 2025 for urologic procedures only, including prostatectomy, nephrectomy, and cystectomy, backed by the Expand URO investigational-device-exemption trial of 137 patients that met its primary safety and efficacy endpoints and was presented at AUA 2025. General-surgery and gynecologic US indications are planned submissions but are not yet cleared. The registry records Hugo at commercial maturity: it has been CE-marked and commercially used outside the US across more than 30 countries since 2021 and is now US-cleared for urology and entering US rollout. Medtronic discloses no specific system installed-base count, citing only tens of thousands of procedures across 30-plus countries, so the unit count is left as an honest absence rather than invented. On AI substance, Hugo is a master-slave teleoperated system whose Touch Surgery digital and video ecosystem is analytics and recording rather than autonomy, with no verified shipped intraoperative AI guidance.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":"healthcare","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Verified","value":"Medtronic (NYSE: MDT; founded 1949, Minneapolis; legal HQ Dublin) makes Hugo RAS, the late-market big-medtech challenger to da Vinci. CE mark Oct 11 2021. US FDA clearance Dec 3 2025 for urologic procedures only, backed by the Expand URO IDE trial (137 patients; met primary safety + efficacy endpoints; AUA 2025). The key audit finding: Hugo IS now FDA-cleared in the US, but only for urology."},{"label":"Installed base: cap-flag","value":"Medtronic states Hugo has been used ex-US in 'tens of thousands of procedures in 30+ countries across 5 continents' but discloses NO specific system installed-base count. Accept lower specificity; do not invent a number."},{"label":"AI-substance: teleop baseline","value":"Master-slave teleoperated. The integrated Touch Surgery digital/video ecosystem is analytics/recording, not autonomy or shipped intraoperative AI guidance. No verified shipped autonomous or computer-vision-guidance feature."},{"label":"Claimed but NOT verified","value":"Specific US installed-base unit count (none disclosed); 'tens of thousands of procedures' ex-US is company-stated, not audited; timeline for general-surgery/gynecology US clearances is forward-looking."}],"products":"Hugo RAS (robotic-assisted surgery): modular multi-port teleoperated system; CE-marked (urology + gynecology) Oct 11 2021; US FDA-cleared for UROLOGY ONLY Dec 3 2025 (prostatectomy/nephrectomy/cystectomy). General-surgery + gynecology US indications: submissions planned, NOT yet cleared.","formFactor":"surgical (modular multi-port teleoperated robotic-assisted surgery system)","fda_clearance":"December 3, 2025","clearance_body":"FDA","procedure_types":"urologic procedures only, including prostatectomy, nephrectomy, and cystectomy"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://news.medtronic.com/2025-12-03-Medtronic-announces-FDA-clearance-of-Hugo-TM-robotic-assisted-surgery-system-for-urologic-surgical-procedures","title":"Medtronic: FDA 510(k) clearance of Hugo RAS for urologic surgical procedures (Dec 3, 2025)","sourceName":"Medtronic (official)"},{"url":"https://www.urologytimes.com/view/hugo-robot-assisted-surgery-system-launches-on-us-market","title":"Urology Times: Hugo RAS launches on US market following FDA clearance","sourceName":"Urology Times"},{"url":"https://news.medtronic.com/2026-06-03-Medtronic-submits-510-k-filings-to-expand-Hugo-TM-robotic-assisted-surgery-system-into-general-and-gynecologic-specialties-in-the-United-States","title":"Medtronic: 510(k) filings submitted to expand Hugo RAS into general and gynecologic specialties (Jun 3, 2026)","sourceName":"Medtronic (official)"},{"url":"https://www.medtechdive.com/news/medtronic-seeks-clearance-for-hugo-surgical-robot-in-more-indications/821969/","title":"MedTech Dive: Medtronic seeks FDA clearance for Hugo in general and gynecologic surgery (Jun 2026)","sourceName":"MedTech Dive"}],"aliases":["Hugo","Hugo RAS","Medtronic Hugo"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"FDA clearance (verified)","value":"510(k) cleared for urologic surgical procedures, Dec 3, 2025. Commercially available in the US for urology."},{"label":"Expansion filing (pending)","value":"510(k) filings submitted Jun 3, 2026 for general and gynecologic specialties. FDA review pending -- clearance not yet granted."},{"label":"VVC flag","value":"Urology clearance is verified and commercial. General/gynecologic expansion is a filing, not a clearance -- do not record as cleared until FDA acts."},{"label":"Subprocessors","value":"Modular console-based robotic-assisted surgery system; multi-arm configuration."}],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T20:12:09.397Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.291Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"3c597886-fc25-48dd-b634-68db703c7f64","modelId":"3e170eb2-145b-41a2-88d0-8ff93a5f4e78","versionId":null,"locationId":"ba8830e1-a34f-4218-9cc0-5e12404ba371","operatorId":"5ed6adff-c714-4880-bb1e-62af35017f4f","ownerId":null,"slug":"medtronic-hugo-europe","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2024-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.medtronic.com/","title":"Medtronic","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"Medtronic Hugo RAS system deployed at hospitals in Europe and emerging markets for minimally invasive surgery.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Technology","value":"Hugo RAS system"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"Hospitals in Europe and emerging markets"},{"label":"Use Case","value":"Minimally invasive surgery"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T00:59:41.408Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:11:45.514Z"},"company":{"id":"5ed6adff-c714-4880-bb1e-62af35017f4f","name":"Medtronic","slug":"medtronic","description":"Medtronic (NYSE: MDT) is a global medical device company developing surgical robotics (Hugo RAS system), cardiac devices, and neurostimulation. The Hugo robotic-assisted surgery platform competes with [Intuitive surgical](/companies/intuitive-surgical)'s da Vinci. 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The Waymo AV braked and maneuvered to the right as the SUV continued to turn left, and the front right side of the SUV made contact with the rear left side of the Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. Both vehicles sustained damage.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:45.123Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. 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While the Waymo AV was slowing, an SUV traveling westbound in the same lane approached the Waymo AV from behind, and the front of the SUV made contact with the rear of the Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. Both vehicles sustained damage.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:44.964Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. 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While the Waymo AV was stopped, a passenger car completing a left turn from southbound [XXX] traveling eastbound on [XXX] attempted to pass an SUV stopped behind the Waymo AV, and the right side of the passenger car made contact with the left side of the stopped SUV. The passenger car then continued forward and to the right and approached the Waymo AV from behind, and the front right side of the passenger car made contact with the rear left side of the stationary Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. All three vehicles sustained damage. The passengers in the Waymo AV were not belted at the time of the collision as they were preparing to exit the vehicle. \n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:44.805Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"50bbf148-90c8-411a-b99e-ad1654a23a9a","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30270-15669","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in San Francisco, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15669)","summary":"On July [XXX], 2026 at 1:10 AM PT a Waymo Autonomous Vehicle (\"Waymo AV\") operating in San Francisco, California was in a collision involving an SUV on [XXX] near [XXX]. \n\nThe Waymo AV was traveling northeastbound in the second to the rightmost lane on [XXX] when an SUV traveling northeastbound on [XXX] at a high rate of speed, partially in the second to the rightmost lane and partially in the left lane, began to change lanes to the left lane as it approached the Waymo AV from behind. The SUV attempted to pass the Waymo AV to the left, and the front right side of the SUV made contact with the rear left side of the Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. Both vehicles sustained damage. The driver of the passenger car sustained unknown injuries.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":null,"rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:45.597Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"f75dfb7b-ec11-454a-9bd3-d82b7ee346df","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30610-15722","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in Austin, TX involving a ZOOX Zoox (NHTSA SGO 30610-15722)","summary":"An occupied Zoox autonomous vehicle was traveling west on [XXX] toward [XXX] in Austin when it braked to a stop for a pedestrian and dog on a leash entering the crosswalk. A passenger car (Vehicle 2) traveling directly behind failed to slow down and rear ended the stopped Zoox vehicle. Shortly after, the Vehicle 2 driver reversed, inspected both vehicles, then returned to their vehicle and remained at the scene. The Zoox vehicle passenger reported feeling \"dazed\" and \"kind of woozy\" and requested emergency services. The police were notified and arrived at the scene. The Zoox fleet response team also arrived, and information was exchanged with the other party. Just as the Zoox vehicle started moving, an audible noise came from its fender, so it pulled over and was towed for further inspection. The vehicle was found to have sustained moderate damage to its rear end.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:45.443Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"6ab92a95-6f4e-4493-a771-ae645c7969c6","name":"Zoox","slug":"zoox","description":"Autonomous-vehicle company founded ~2014 by [Jesse Levinson](/people/jesse-levinson) and [Tim Kentley-Klay](/people/tim-kentley-klay), acquired by [Amazon](/companies/amazon) in 2020 for over $1 billion. [Zoox](/companies/zoox) develops a purpose-built, bidirectional [robotaxi](/models/zoox) with no steering wheel or pedals, plus a retrofitted [Toyota](/companies/toyota) Highlander test fleet. On August 10, 2026, Zoox launched its first-ever paid commercial ride-hailing service in [Las Vegas](/locations/las-vegas-nevada-usa), following NHTSA's July 30 temporary exemption allowing up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years. Free demonstration rides continue in [San Francisco](/locations/san-francisco-california-usa) (SoMa). Zoox also tests with human safety operators in Austin, [Miami](/locations/miami-florida-usa), Seattle, and [Los Angeles](/locations/los-angeles-california-usa) using retrofitted Highlanders. The company has faced significant regulatory scrutiny including three NHTSA software recalls in 2025 and ongoing probes. [Amazon](/companies/amazon) has positioned Zoox as its entry into autonomous ride-hailing, though it trails [Waymo](/companies/waymo) in commercial deployment scale.","status":"Amazon subsidiary","founded":2014,"hq":"Foster City, California, USA","hqLat":37.5600336,"hqLng":-122.2688522,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:56:33.423Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"zoox.com","fundingTotal":"1800000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/06/amazon-owned-zoox-issues-recall-following-robotaxi-crash/","label":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","title":"Zoox — Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi + Highlander test fleet, SF/Vegas/Austin/Miami/Seattle, recalls","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2025-05-06"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/30/zoox-custom-robotaxis-are-finally-coming-to-san-francisco-and-las-vegas","label":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","title":"Zoox custom robotaxis to SF (SoMa) and Las Vegas (Strip); founded ~2014; Amazon 2020","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2024-10-30"},{"url":"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/amazon-robotaxis-software-recall","label":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","title":"Zoox runs free public robotaxi rides in SF + Las Vegas; needs federal approval for paid; plans to charge 2026","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Interesting Engineering","publishedAt":"2025-12-23"},{"url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/were-acquiring-zoox-to-help-bring-their-vision-of-autonomous-ride-hailing-to-reality","label":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","title":"We're acquiring Zoox — Amazon announces agreement to acquire Zoox (no purchase price disclosed in the release)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Amazon (aboutamazon.com)","publishedAt":"2020-06-26"},{"url":"https://zoox.com/","title":"Zoox - purpose-built autonomous robotaxi (official)","sourceName":"Zoox (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/10/amazons-zoox-jumps-into-us-robotaxi-race-with-las-vegas-launch-.html","title":"Amazon's Zoox launches public driverless robotaxi in Las Vegas (Sept 2025)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://electrek.co/2026/03/24/zoox-expands-current-service-area-and-is-bringing-its-purpose-built-robotaxi-to-two-new-cities/","title":"Zoox expands service area and to two new cities (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Electrek"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/how-the-zoox-robotaxi-predicts-everything-everywhere-all-at-once","title":"Amazon Science - how the Zoox driving stack (perception/prediction/planning) works","sourceName":"Amazon Science"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-24/amazon-s-zoox-plans-to-expand-robotaxi-rides-to-austin-miami","title":"Amazon's Zoox plans to expand robotaxi rides to Austin and Miami (Mar 2026)","sourceName":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/","title":"Amazon's Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026 (Dec 2025)","sourceName":"Fortune"}],"keyFacts":{"CEO":"Aicha Evans","Employees":"~2,200 (2023)","Fleet size":"~50 robotaxis in service (as of Jan 2026, per SF Standard)","Total riders":"~1 million (across all cities, as of Aug 2026)","Manufacturing":"Hayward, CA — 220,000 sq ft facility, 10,000 vehicles/year planned by 2027","NHTSA exemption":"Aug 6, 2025 — first-ever demonstration exemption for American-built automated vehicles; 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As the Waymo AV was completing the left turn into the entrance of the parking lot, the undercarriage of the Waymo AV made contact with the pavement.  At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. The Waymo AV sustained damage. \n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01, because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:35.958Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"c93bbbe2-9b59-42c5-9be1-23d1b13ccafb","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30270-15718","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in San Francisco, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15718)","summary":"On July [XXX], 2026 at 3:56 PM PT a Waymo Autonomous Vehicle (\"Waymo AV\") operating in San Francisco, California was in a collision involving a van on [XXX], near [XXX].\n\nThe Waymo AV was facing east on [XXX], after picking up a passenger from the south curb. The Waymo AV began merging into the second from the right lane, partially stopping within both lanes to yield to oncoming traffic in the following left lane. While the Waymo AV was stopped, a van traveling eastbound on the left lane of [XXX] proceeded forward into the same lane of travel, and the front right side of the van made contact with the front left side of the Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. The Waymo AV sustained damage.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:45.964Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"ffa7fa2d-69b9-4a68-8f6e-880bf10ef544","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30270-15709","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in San Francisco, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15709)","summary":"On July [XXX], 2026 at 4:07 PM PT a Waymo Autonomous Vehicle (\"Waymo AV\") operating in San Francisco, California was in a collision involving a passenger car on [XXX] near [XXX]. \n\nThe Waymo AV was traveling northbound on [XXX] and proceeding straight at a green light through the intersection with [XXX], behind a passenger car. As the passenger car approached the exit of the intersection, it maneuvered into the right lane and began to slow, and the Waymo AV approached the exit of the intersection and maneuvered to the left lane and began to pass the passenger car to the left. As the Waymo AV was passing the passenger car, the passenger car changed lanes to the left and re-entered the Waymo AV's lane of travel, and the front left side of the passenger car made contact with the front right side of the Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. Both vehicles sustained damage.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:45.255Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. 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Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"719f3be5-fb79-46c4-b058-29791cbbcef7","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30270-15725","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in Austin, TX involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15725)","summary":"On July [XXX], 2026 at 04:07 AM CT a Waymo Autonomous Vehicle (\"Waymo AV\") operating in Austin, Texas was in a collision involving a pickup truck on [XXX] near [XXX]. \n\nThe Waymo AV was parked at the curb facing southeast on [XXX]. While the Waymo AV was parked, a pickup truck traveling northwestbound on [XXX] at a low rate of speed against the proper direction of traffic, partially along the south curb and partially off the roadway, approached the Waymo AV from the front, and the front right side of the pickup truck made contact with the front right side of the stationary Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged. Both vehicles sustained damage.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:44.610Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"3feed28d-2838-4148-b73b-639fe3e4446f","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30270-15728","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in Palo Alto, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15728)","summary":"On July [XXX], 2026 at 02:18 AM PT a Waymo Autonomous Vehicle (\"Waymo AV\") operating in Palo Alto, California was in a collision involving a pickup truck on [XXX] near [XXX]. \n\nThe Waymo AV was traveling northwestbound in the rightmost lane on [XXX] when a pickup truck traveling northwestbound at a high rate of speed in the second from the right lane, and partially in the center two-way left turn lane, passed the Waymo AV to the left, then changed lanes to the rightmost lane in front of the Waymo AV, entering the Waymo AV's lane of travel. The pickup truck then stopped in-lane and the Waymo AV slowed to stop to yield to the pickup truck. The pickup truck began reversing towards the Waymo AV, and the rear of the pickup truck made contact with the front of the stationary Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged in autonomous mode. The Waymo AV sustained damage.\n\nWaymo AV is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct this reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:44.269Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"e70446c5-d60b-43a9-8d37-b914ef48b763","slug":"nhtsa-sgo-30270-15786","kind":"collision","headline":"ADS crash report in San Francisco, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15786)","summary":"On July [XXX], 2026 at 06:24 PM PDT a Waymo Autonomous Vehicle (\"Waymo AV\") operating in San Francisco, California was in a collision involving a heavy truck on [XXX] near [XXX]. \n\nThe Waymo AV was traveling westbound on [XXX] when it began slowing to yield to a heavy truck completing a left turn from southbound [XXX] and traveling eastbound on [XXX]. The Waymo AV maneuvered to the right and continued slowing as the heavy truck completed the left turn and began to pass the Waymo AV to the left, and the left side of the heavy truck made contact with the rear left side of the Waymo AV. At the time of the impact, the Waymo AV's Level 4 ADS was engaged. The Waymo AV sustained damage. Waymo became aware of the tow deployment on July [XXX]th, 2026 after an additional review of available information.\n\nWaymo is reporting this crash under Request No. 1 of Standing General Order 2021-01 because a vehicle involved was towed away. Waymo may supplement or correct its reporting with additional information as it may become available.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":null,"deploymentId":null,"companyId":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":null,"regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"unknown","fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-23T05:00:44.116Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":null,"deployment":null,"company":{"id":"2128addc-20c8-4c31-aef5-be5ada97aede","name":"Waymo","slug":"waymo","description":"Waymo is [Alphabet](/companies/alphabet)'s autonomous driving subsidiary. It operates the Waymo One robotaxi service in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, and Miami, and runs Waymo Via for autonomous trucking. Spun out of Google's self-driving car project as a standalone Alphabet subsidiary in December 2016.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2009,"hq":"Mountain View, CA","hqLat":37.3893889,"hqLng":-122.0832101,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:54:38.143Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"waymo.com","fundingTotal":"27100000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://waymo.com","label":"Waymo — Company website"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo","label":"Wikipedia — Waymo (history, operations, ownership)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Valuation","value":"$126B post-money (Feb 2026 Series D)"},{"label":"Funding raised","value":"~$27B lifetime ($16B Series D, Feb 2026, largest AV round ever)"},{"label":"Weekly rides","value":"~500,000 paid/week (targeting 1M by end-2026)"},{"label":"Ride volume","value":"15M in 2025; 20M+ lifetime"},{"label":"Autonomous miles","value":"127M+ fully autonomous"},{"label":"Safety claim (Waymo)","value":"90% fewer serious-injury crashes vs. humans (company-stated)"},{"label":"Operating markets","value":"~11 US metros (Waymo One)"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Jaguar I-PACE, 6th-gen Waymo Driver"},{"label":"Recent recalls","value":"School-bus passing; ~3,800-vehicle San Antonio flood recall"},{"label":"Active investigations","value":"NHTSA (Santa Monica child injury); NTSB (TX school-bus)"},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15330"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo"},{"label":"Hero image candidate","value":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg (source: Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, Quality image)"},{"label":"Miami depot 1","value":"Operational depot in Wynwood District, Miami (verified, field-inspected 2026)"},{"label":"Miami depot 2","value":"Future depot adjacent to Miami International Airport (under preparation, 2026)"},{"label":"Austin depot","value":"Operations facility on Stassney near Burleson Rd, south of Ben White, Austin TX"},{"label":"Mesa manufacturing hub","value":"Magna retrofits Jaguar I-PACE vehicles for Waymo fleet in Mesa, AZ"},{"label":"IIHS safety rating","value":"Independent IIHS study: Waymo L4 driverless crash rate 68% lower than human drivers (July 2026)"},{"label":"Fleet size (July 2026)","value":"3,800+ vehicles across 10 cities"},{"label":"Valuation (Feb 2026)","value":"$126B — raised $16B to fund expansion"},{"label":"Uber partnership status","value":"Exploring exit — notified Uber of independent entry Jan 2028. Parted ways in Phoenix May 2026."},{"label":"Austin/Atlanta dispute","value":"Waymo questioned cleanliness/routing of Uber-operated vehicles. Uber raised concerns about financial terms and weather-related unavailability."},{"label":"Munich expansion","value":"First European robotaxi market — mapping/testing starts 2026, commercial targeted end 2027 (working with KBA for Level 4 approval)"}],"aliases":["Waymo LLC","Waymo One","Google Self-Driving Car Project","Waymo Driver","Alphabet Waymo","Google Waymo","Google self-driving car"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":"greenhouse","atsSlug":"waymo","factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":2500,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T03:56:10.060Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-25T22:53:14.739Z"}},{"id":"82cd9890-7aab-4c0c-9734-d5cf8ed12605","slug":"nomad-ugv-trailer-ramp-failure-fort-irwin-2026-07","kind":"malfunction","headline":"NOMAD UGV flips onto side when transport trailer ramp fails during Army exercise","summary":"During Project Convergence Capstone at Fort Irwin, a transport trailer ramp gave out, causing the NOMAD UGV to flip onto its side. Soldiers were able to right it without damage to the system, but the incident made them more careful about deployment. The Army-provided trailer showed wear from continued deployment.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"b8b928c3-cf99-4857-9956-0d5d24e722f4","deploymentId":"af02c278-99fd-405e-984a-e7c04cd2211c","companyId":null,"dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"none","regulatoryBody":null,"propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-08-17T20:27:17.417Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-23T15:14:15.796Z","model":{"id":"b8b928c3-cf99-4857-9956-0d5d24e722f4","companyId":"50cd0019-6bdf-4350-8be7-de45d8fef527","modelName":"NOMAD","slug":"nomad-ugv","description":"Lightweight tactical unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) weighing under 650 pounds with over 1,000 pounds of payload capacity. Designed for resupply, CASEVAC (casualty evacuation), breaching, CUAS integration, and power export missions. Operable via tablet in autonomous, teleoperated, or manual drive modes. Towable behind multiple vehicle types, airdrop-capable, and transportable on NATO pallets. Built with open architecture for flexible mission configurations. Tested at US Army's Project Convergence Capstone exercise at Fort Irwin, California, where soldiers used it 12-13 times for resupply missions in Mojave Desert conditions. Range ~600m (reduced to ~200m in rocky terrain). No return-home feature. Provides up to 3 kWh exportable power (33.4 kWh with additional MMPs).","formFactor":"defense","industryVertical":"defense","environment":"outdoor","maturityStage":"pilot","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.hendrickusa.com/nomad","title":"NOMAD Tactical UGV","sourceName":"Hendrick Technical Solutions (official)"},{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/us-soldiers-ground-robots-for-resupply-missions-2026-8","title":"Rugged robotic mules could make dangerous supply missions safer for US soldiers","sourceName":"Business Insider"},{"url":"https://www.defenseadvancement.com/news/neya-systems-ara-showcase-collaborative-autonomous-breaching-at-xpo-usa-2026/","title":"Neya Systems & ARA Showcase Collaborative Autonomous Breaching at XPO USA 2026","sourceName":"Defense Advancement"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Weight","value":"Under 650 lbs"},{"label":"Payload","value":"1,000+ lbs"},{"label":"Range","value":"~600m (reduced to ~200m in rocky terrain)"},{"label":"Operation","value":"Tablet-controlled; one operator"},{"label":"Modes","value":"Autonomous, teleoperated, manual drive"},{"label":"Transport","value":"Towable, airdrop-capable, NATO pallet compatible"},{"label":"Power export","value":"3 kWh onboard (33.4 kWh with additional MMPs)"},{"label":"Missions","value":"Resupply, CASEVAC, breaching, CUAS, power export"},{"label":"Setup time","value":"Under 5 minutes"}],"createdAt":"2026-08-17T20:26:18.043Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-17T20:27:26.544Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"af02c278-99fd-405e-984a-e7c04cd2211c","modelId":"b8b928c3-cf99-4857-9956-0d5d24e722f4","versionId":null,"locationId":"7a764733-b9e8-49b9-8696-fa6717632f3c","operatorId":"50cd0019-6bdf-4350-8be7-de45d8fef527","ownerId":null,"slug":"nomad-ugv-fort-irwin-california-usa","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2026-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["reconnaissance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"military_base","operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"city_centroid","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":null,"sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/us-soldiers-ground-robots-for-resupply-missions-2026-8","label":"Rugged robotic mules could make dangerous supply missions safer for US soldiers","title":"Rugged robotic mules could make dangerous supply missions safer for US soldiers","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Business Insider","publishedAt":"2026-07-01"}],"notes":"US Army Project Convergence Capstone exercise. ~10,000 soldiers gathered to experiment with new technologies. NOMAD used 12-13 times for resupply missions in Mojave Desert conditions. Heat caused tablet glitches; rocky terrain reduced range from 600m to 200m. One ramp failure incident caused NOMAD to flip on its side (no damage).","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":"Bulk approved — pre-existing deployment record","exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"defense","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-08-17T20:26:34.456Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:23:12.989Z"},"company":null},{"id":"86a754c6-f41a-4165-86e6-6c5b110ef5ab","slug":"fda-510k-cmr-versius-plus-clearance","kind":"regulatory_action","headline":"FDA clears CMR Surgical Versius Plus robotic surgical system for gallbladder removal procedures","summary":"CMR Surgical secured FDA 510(k) clearance for its Versius Plus minimally invasive robotic surgical system, indicated for gallbladder removal procedures. The modular system can be moved between hospital departments. CMR plans US commercialization in 2026, following a $200M equity and debt investment in April 2026.","occurredAt":"2026-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"34aec096-0484-4591-b8c1-f65bd183344f","deploymentId":"1d0a5255-5897-4f31-8d4f-aabcb83529a1","companyId":"6bbb447e-0278-4ae1-822d-8b546420511e","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"minor","rootCauseCategory":null,"rootCauseDetail":null,"affectedUnitsCount":null,"affectedUnitsBasis":null,"remediationStatus":null,"regulatoryAction":"other","regulatoryBody":"FDA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":null,"fatalityCount":null,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":null,"longitude":null,"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-07-23T14:06:14.374Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-09T05:24:01.599Z","model":{"id":"34aec096-0484-4591-b8c1-f65bd183344f","companyId":"6bbb447e-0278-4ae1-822d-8b546420511e","modelName":"Versius","slug":"cmr-versius","description":"CMR Surgical (founded 2014, Cambridge, UK; private) makes Versius, the genuine challenger among surgical-robot startups and the one that has clearly crossed the regulatory gating event. Versius is a modular multi-arm teleoperated soft-tissue robot that is heavily software-driven, capturing telematic, video, and outcome data. It received US FDA De Novo marketing authorization in October 2024, the first such authorization for a multi-port soft-tissue general-surgery robot, followed by an FDA 510(k) clearance for the next-generation Versius Plus on December 18, 2025 with US commercialization on track for 2026, and a pending gynecology 510(k) submitted on April 29, 2026; it has long been CE-marked and commercial across Europe, Latin America, the Africa-Middle-East region, and Australia, with more than 40,000 procedures completed outside the US by company reporting. The registry records it at commercial maturity with an active lifecycle. An important current-state correction: the 2021 roughly $3 billion SoftBank-led valuation story is frozen in time, the company went through real restructuring in 2023 with about 350 redundancies, and it was recapitalized with more than $200 million in April 2025, while reported figures of a roughly $3.1 billion 2025 valuation and a potential $4 billion sale are rumor-tier aggregator claims that are not registered. On AI substance the shipped reality is a data-capture and analytics ecosystem with the surgeon in full control; the physical-AI framing is forward-looking, anchored in a March 2026 NVIDIA IGX Thor partnership to evaluate AI for a future Versius, with no autonomous or AI-assisted intraoperative feature cleared or shipped.","formFactor":"surgical","industryVertical":"healthcare","environment":"indoor","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"arms":"multi-arm","notes":[{"label":"Verified","value":"CMR Surgical (founded 2014, Cambridge UK; private) makes Versius, the genuine challenger that crossed the gating event: FDA De Novo Oct 2024 (first De Novo for a multi-port soft-tissue general-surgery robot), FDA 510(k) for next-gen Versius Plus Dec 18 2025 (US commercialization on track for 2026), plus a pending gynecology 510(k) (Apr 29 2026). >40,000 procedures completed ex-US (company-reported). Recapitalized with $200M+ in Apr 2025."},{"label":"Current-state correction (peak-era framing stale)","value":"The 2021 ~$3B SoftBank-led valuation story is frozen. The company went through real 2023 restructuring (~350 redundancies). REJECTED as unverified aggregator/rumor-tier: a ~$3.1B 2025 valuation and a ~$4B sale-exploration; current valuation is unconfirmed (cap-flag)."},{"label":"AI-substance: R&D-stage (honest)","value":"Shipped substance = data-capture + analytics ecosystem (teleoperated, surgeon in full control). The 'physical AI' is forward-looking: a Mar 2026 NVIDIA IGX Thor partnership to EVALUATE AI for next-gen Versius (~500 hrs anonymized data contributed). No autonomous/AI-assist intraoperative feature is FDA-cleared or shipped."},{"label":"Claimed but NOT verified","value":"~$3.1B current valuation; ~$4B sale exploration; exact installed unit count (procedure-count >40k is self-reported); any AI-assist feature being commercially available; gynecology indication (submitted, not cleared)."}],"products":"Versius / Versius Plus: modular multi-arm soft-tissue minimal-access robot; teleoperated, software-driven (captures telematic/video/outcome data). FDA De Novo Oct 2024 (Versius, cholecystectomy); FDA 510(k) Dec 18 2025 (Versius Plus, cholecystectomy); 510(k) gynecology submission Apr 29 2026 (pending). CE-marked + commercial across Europe, Latin America, AMEA, Australia.","formFactor":"surgical (modular multi-port / multi-arm teleoperated soft-tissue surgical robot)","fda_clearance":"De Novo marketing authorization in October 2024","clearance_body":"US FDA","procedure_types":"cholecystectomy"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/10/15/cmr-surgical-versius-fda-de-novo","title":"CMR Surgical receives US FDA De Novo for Versius (cholecystectomy; Oct 2024)","sourceName":"CMR Surgical (GlobeNewswire)"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/cmr-surgical-receives-fda-clearance-for-versius-plus-surgical-robot/","title":"CMR Surgical FDA 510(k) for Versius Plus (Dec 18 2025; US launch 2026)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.massdevice.com/cmr-surgical-200-million-funding/","title":"CMR Surgical raises $200M+ to fund US/Asia commercialization (Apr 2025)","sourceName":"MassDevice"},{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/03/17/cmr-surgical-nvidia-igx-thor","title":"CMR Surgical + NVIDIA IGX Thor (evaluating AI for next-gen Versius; R&D-stage)","sourceName":"CMR Surgical (GlobeNewswire)"},{"url":"https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/cmr-surgical-redundancies","title":"CMR Surgical 2023 redundancies (~350; historical restructuring)","sourceName":"Cambridge Independent"}],"aliases":["Versius","Versius Plus","CMR Versius"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"modular multi-arm teleoperated soft-tissue surgical robot"},{"label":"Procedures completed","value":"more than 40,000 outside the US (company-reported)"},{"label":"FDA authorization","value":"De Novo marketing authorization October 2024"},{"label":"Recapitalization","value":"more than $200 million in April 2025"},{"label":"Restructuring","value":"approximately 350 redundancies in 2023"}],"createdAt":"2026-06-03T20:12:29.087Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.291Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"1d0a5255-5897-4f31-8d4f-aabcb83529a1","modelId":"34aec096-0484-4591-b8c1-f65bd183344f","versionId":null,"locationId":"0a995d40-8e94-4878-91db-131d4cf971d1","operatorId":"6bbb447e-0278-4ae1-822d-8b546420511e","ownerId":null,"slug":"cmr-versius-india","status":"operational","firstSeen":"2022-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":null,"endedAt":null,"unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["surgical_assistance"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":8,"siteType":"hospital","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"medium_11_100","siteEnvironment":"indoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://cmrsurgical.com/news/cmrsurgical-announces-first-versius-installations-in-india/","title":"First Versius installations in India","sourceName":"CMR Surgical"},{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/versius-robotic-surgery-india/article67890123.ece","title":"Versius robotic surgery enters India","sourceName":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/aims-introduces-versius-robotic-surgical-system/437699/","title":"AIMS Faridabad introduces Versius","sourceName":"Express Healthcare"},{"url":"https://cmrsurgical.com/news/over-20000-surgical-cases-completed-using-versius","title":"20,000+ Versius cases globally","sourceName":"CMR Surgical"},{"url":"https://cmrsurgical.com/news/cmr-surgical-india-middle-east-business-update","title":"India and Middle East business update","sourceName":"CMR Surgical"},{"url":"https://robochronicle.com/can-surgical-robots-move-downmarket-cmr-surgicals-versius-test-in-india-and-the-economics-of-smaller-hospitals/","title":"Versius India economics analysis","sourceName":"RoboChronicle"}],"notes":"Versius has been installed across approximately 10 or more hospitals in India, including Apollo and Aster facilities, following CDSCO approval for laparoscopic surgery. AIMS Faridabad is among the sites that introduced the Versius robotic surgical system.","keyFacts":[{"date":"2024-01-01","label":"India sites","value":"~10+ hospitals (Apollo, Aster, others)","source":"CMR Surgical India operations","category":"scale"},{"date":"2022-01-01","label":"CDSCO approval","value":"Approved for laparoscopic surgery","source":"Indian regulatory","category":"regulatory"}],"reviewNote":"Verified: CMR Versius deployed in India. AIMS Faridabad (first 3D Advanced Minimal Access Surgical Robot in region). HCG Manavata Cancer Centre (Dr. Raj Nagarkar, 1000+ cases). Additional hospitals: Swagat Hospital Guwahati, Lima Hospital Chennai, SP Well Forte Trivandrum. CMR reported strongest quarter end of 2023; India is strategic market for modular/portable design.","exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"healthcare","scaleTier":"commercial_10_99","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T14:06:14.917Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T17:08:12.231Z"},"company":{"id":"6bbb447e-0278-4ae1-822d-8b546420511e","name":"CMR Surgical","slug":"cmr-surgical","description":"UK surgical-robotics company (Cambridge; founded 2014) making the Versius [Modular](/companies/modrobotics) multi-arm teleoperated surgical robot; FDA De Novo 2024 + Versius Plus 510(k) 2025; >40k procedures ex-US.","status":"private (recapitalized $200M+ Apr 2025; current valuation unconfirmed)","founded":2014,"hq":"Cambridge, United Kingdom","hqLat":52.1975846,"hqLng":0.1391537,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T00:50:46.343Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"cmrsurgical.com","fundingTotal":"840000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/10/15/cmr-surgical-versius-fda-de-novo","title":"CMR Surgical receives US FDA De Novo for Versius (cholecystectomy; Oct 2024)","sourceName":"CMR Surgical (GlobeNewswire)"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/cmr-surgical-receives-fda-clearance-for-versius-plus-surgical-robot/","title":"CMR Surgical FDA 510(k) for Versius Plus (Dec 18 2025; US launch 2026)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://www.massdevice.com/cmr-surgical-200-million-funding/","title":"CMR Surgical raises $200M+ to fund US/Asia commercialization (Apr 2025)","sourceName":"MassDevice"},{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/03/17/cmr-surgical-nvidia-igx-thor","title":"CMR Surgical + NVIDIA IGX Thor (evaluating AI for next-gen Versius; R&D-stage)","sourceName":"CMR Surgical (GlobeNewswire)"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"Versius / Versius Plus modular multi-arm teleoperated surgical robot."},{"label":"Gating events","value":"FDA De Novo Oct 2024; Versius Plus 510(k) Dec 2025; gynecology 510(k) pending."},{"label":"wikidata","value":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60775579"},{"label":"wikipedia","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMR_Surgical"},{"label":"Founded","value":"2014, Cambridge, UK"},{"label":"Key product","value":"Versius surgical robot system"},{"label":"FDA clearance","value":"Versius Plus secured"}],"aliases":["CMR","Cambridge Medical Robotics","Versius"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":null,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-03T20:12:28.328Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:17:52.383Z"}}]}