{"id":"3958436f-3e6a-4b82-a1cd-a43486420145","slug":"nhtsa-cruise-articulated-vehicle-recall-2023","kind":"recall","headline":"Cruise recalls 300 ADS units (NHTSA 23E-029) over articulated-vehicle misprediction","summary":"NHTSA recall campaign 23E-029 (Cruise LLC, received 2023-04-03). Cruise recalled Automated Driving Systems that could inaccurately predict the movement of articulated vehicles such as buses and tractor-trailers, increasing crash risk. The recall followed a March 2023 incident in which a Cruise AV collided with the rear of an articulated San Francisco Muni bus. Cruise updated the ADS software at no cost; all affected vehicles repaired by March 25, 2023. Potential units affected: 300.","occurredAt":"2023-04-03T12:00:00.000Z","reviewStatus":"reviewed","modelId":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","deploymentId":"74369c9e-700d-49b1-b962-d415d13d7427","companyId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","dataCenterId":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"severity":"moderate","rootCauseCategory":"planning_perception_error","rootCauseDetail":"ADS inaccurately predicted movement of articulated vehicles (buses/tractor-trailers).","affectedUnitsCount":300,"affectedUnitsBasis":"exact","remediationStatus":"remediated","regulatoryAction":"recall_ordered","regulatoryBody":"NHTSA","propertyDamageEstimateUsd":null,"damageEstimateBasis":null,"bodilyInjurySeverity":"minor","fatalityCount":0,"lossCostClass":null,"sourceQualityTier":1,"oshaRecordable":null,"oshaCaseNumber":null,"rootCauseDisclosed":null,"publicDisclosureDate":null,"insuranceClaimPublic":null,"formFactor":null,"latitude":{"s":1,"e":1,"d":[37,7749000]},"longitude":{"s":-1,"e":2,"d":[122,4194000]},"autonomyClass":null,"legalOutcomeClass":"unknown","createdAt":"2026-06-25T02:50:45.196Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-25T10:11:52.732Z","model":{"id":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","companyId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","modelName":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt)","slug":"cruise-av","description":"Cruise's driverless robotaxi, based on the Chevrolet Bolt EV, which operated without a human safety driver in San Francisco commercial service from 2023 until driverless operations ended after the October 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident. (Cruise also developed the purpose-built, steering-wheel-free Origin, which was shelved.) In December 2024 GM defunded the Cruise robotaxi business, consolidated the unit in-house, and redirected the autonomous technology toward personal-vehicle advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) rather than robotaxis (GM SEC 8-K, December 2024). Classified research to reflect that current direction; the commercial-era San Francisco deployment records preserve the historical service state.","formFactor":"av","industryVertical":"passenger_transport","environment":"road","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"discontinued","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"autonomy_level":"driverless (no human safety driver)"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","title":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise robotaxi development, folds unit in-house (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","title":"General Motors (SEC 8-K exhibit) - realigning autonomous strategy; ending Cruise robotaxi development (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Base vehicle","value":"Chevrolet Bolt EV"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"driverless (no human safety driver)"},{"label":"Operating location","value":"San Francisco"},{"label":"Service period","value":"2023 until October 2, 2023"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:37.573Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-12T04:24:54.914Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null},"deployment":{"id":"74369c9e-700d-49b1-b962-d415d13d7427","modelId":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","versionId":null,"locationId":"1220c8d4-4aaf-45b2-80dc-ba28b580bd42","operatorId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","ownerId":null,"slug":"cruise-austin","status":"ended","firstSeen":"2023-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":"not_converted","endedAt":"2023-10-26T00:00:00.000Z","unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":["delivery"],"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":16,"siteType":"airport","operatorConfirmed":false,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":"verified_coordinates","deploymentScale":"large_100_plus","siteEnvironment":"outdoor","operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":2,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/20/cruise-soft-launches-robotaxi-rides-in-phoenix-and-austin/","label":"Cruise soft-launches robotaxi rides in Phoenix and Austin","title":"Cruise soft-launches robotaxi rides in Phoenix and Austin","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2022-12-20"},{"url":"https://www.fox7austin.com/news/no-more-cruise-robotaxis-general-motors-acquisition","label":"No more Cruise robotaxis","title":"No more Cruise robotaxis","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"FOX 7 Austin","publishedAt":"2025-02-04"}],"notes":"Cruise offered paid driverless robotaxi rides in central Austin, bookable in the Cruise app, from December 2022. Service stopped in the October 2023 nationwide pause and never resumed; Cruise confirmed in a February 2025 letter to users that it would not relaunch its ridehail service. The pilot did not convert.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"logistics","scaleTier":"mass_100_999","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-09T20:00:32.999Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T14:22:28.189Z"},"company":{"id":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","name":"Cruise","slug":"cruise","description":"Autonomous vehicle company founded 2013, acquired by [General motors](/companies/general-motors) in 2016; operated as a largely autonomous GM subsidiary building driverless robotaxis. Launched driverless (no safety driver) taxi service in San Francisco (first driverless ride Nov 2021; open to public Feb 2022). Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident and subsequent regulatory fallout, suspended all operations Oct 2023; CEO/co-founder Kyle Vogt resigned Nov 2023. Began returning vehicles to public roads (with human safety drivers) May 2024. In December 2024, GM stopped funding Cruise's robotaxi business, folding the autonomous-driving work into driver-assistance systems for personal GM vehicles. The driverless-robotaxi business is effectively ended.","status":"subsidiary","founded":2013,"hq":"San Francisco, California, USA","hqLat":37.7879363,"hqLng":-122.4075201,"hqGeocodedAt":"2026-08-05T14:25:43.753Z","hqAddress":null,"hqPrecision":null,"website":"cruisecritic.com","fundingTotal":"6150000000","type":"both","roles":["robot_maker","robot_operator"],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","heatIndex":83,"lifecycleState":"active","supersededByCompanyId":null,"sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","title":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","title":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.chinatalk.media/p/ponyais-robotaxis-and-the-long-road","label":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","title":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"ChinaTalk","publishedAt":"2025-01-03"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","label":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","title":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K, Dec 10 2024)","publishedAt":"2024-12-10"},{"url":"https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2018/c181003eng.html","label":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","title":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Honda (global.honda newsroom)","publishedAt":"2018-10-03"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/24/cpuc-pulls-cruise-robotaxi-permit-after-dmv-suspension/","title":"CPUC pulls Cruise's robotaxi permit after DMV suspension (Oct 24, 2023)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llc-suspension/","title":"California DMV statement on the Cruise LLC permit suspension (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"California DMV (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits the robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise development (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://calmatters.org/economy/2023/10/driverless-cars-cruise-dmv/","title":"Two state agencies ground Cruise driverless cars for public safety (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"CalMatters"},{"url":"https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/general-motors-shuts-cruise-robotaxi-unit-mary-barra/735205/","title":"GM shuts its Cruise robotaxi unit (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"Smart Cities Dive"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Status","value":"Robotaxi service ENDED, GM defunded Dec 2024"},{"label":"Owner","value":"General Motors (with prior Honda investment)"},{"label":"Investment history","value":"Honda committed $2.75B; GM invested billions before defunding"},{"label":"Defining event","value":"SF pedestrian-dragging, Oct 2, 2023"},{"label":"Regulatory outcome","value":"CA DMV/CPUC permit suspension; nationwide driverless halt"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Cruise AV (Chevy Bolt), reached commercial maturity"},{"label":"GM defunding (Dec 2024)","value":"On Dec 10, 2024 GM announced it will no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development, combining Cruise LLC and GM technical teams into a single autonomous/assisted-driving effort (Super Cruise)"},{"label":"GM restructuring savings","value":"GM expects to lower spending by more than US$1B annually after the Cruise restructuring (per Dec 10, 2024 release)"},{"label":"SF operations halted","value":"Robotaxi service halted in San Francisco — depot and fleet operations wound down (late 2024)"},{"label":"Bay Area layoffs","value":"101 Bay Area jobs cut; contract workers from fleet operations laid off; CEO and top executives departed (verified)"},{"label":"Contradiction signal","value":"Announced nationwide expansion (2023) contradicted by complete depot closure and fleet wind-down (2024) — textbook corridor signal"}],"aliases":["Cruise LLC","Cruise AV","Cruise robotaxi","GM Cruise","General Motors Cruise"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"tickerSymbol":null,"stockExchange":null,"secCik":null,"revenueUsd":null,"revenueBasis":null,"revenueAsOf":null,"employeeCount":1388,"employeeCountBasis":null,"employeeCountAsOf":null,"marketCapUsd":null,"marketCapAsOf":null,"marketCapSource":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:56:52.861Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-21T22:16:32.027Z"},"derived":{"status":"active"},"sources":[{"id":"0e445a6b-7172-4b4b-81e8-5ed79a51d878","incidentId":"3958436f-3e6a-4b82-a1cd-a43486420145","url":"https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/rcl/2023/RCLRPT-23E029-4270.PDF","label":null,"publishedAt":"2023-04-03T00:00:00.000Z","notes":null,"title":"Cruise LLC Equipment Recall Report 23E-029","sourceName":"NHTSA","mediaType":"article","videoId":null,"channel":null,"durationSec":null,"timestampSec":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-29T18:32:27.698Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-29T18:32:27.698Z"},{"id":"823fb0ff-6927-4c5c-95f4-7df1e77f3ea2","incidentId":"3958436f-3e6a-4b82-a1cd-a43486420145","url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/cruise-recalls-vehicle-software-17887310.php","label":null,"publishedAt":"2023-04-09T00:00:00.000Z","notes":null,"title":"S.F.'s Cruise recalls software on self-driving taxis after Muni bus crash","sourceName":"San Francisco Chronicle","mediaType":"article","videoId":null,"channel":null,"durationSec":null,"timestampSec":null,"createdAt":"2026-09-29T18:35:26.938Z","updatedAt":"2026-09-29T18:35:26.938Z"},{"id":"628b12b1-cc45-4ef6-aa80-b3abb2d9aade","incidentId":"3958436f-3e6a-4b82-a1cd-a43486420145","url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/recalls?nhtsaId=23E029","label":null,"publishedAt":null,"notes":null,"title":"NHTSA Recall 23E029","sourceName":"NHTSA","mediaType":"article","videoId":null,"channel":null,"durationSec":null,"timestampSec":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-22T01:41:52.204Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-22T01:41:52.204Z"}],"responses":[],"statusEvents":[],"jsonLd":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/incidents/nhtsa-cruise-articulated-vehicle-recall-2023","url":"https://registry.deploy.report/incidents/nhtsa-cruise-articulated-vehicle-recall-2023","headline":"Cruise recalls 300 ADS units (NHTSA 23E-029) over articulated-vehicle misprediction","description":"NHTSA recall campaign 23E-029 (Cruise LLC, received 2023-04-03). Cruise recalled Automated Driving Systems that could inaccurately predict the movement of articulated vehicles such as buses and tractor-trailers, increasing crash risk. The recall followed a March 2023 incident in which a Cruise AV collided with the rear of an articulated San Francisco Muni bus. Cruise updated the ADS software at no cost; all affected vehicles repaired by March 25, 2023. Potential units affected: 300.","identifier":"3958436f-3e6a-4b82-a1cd-a43486420145","datePublished":"2023-04-03T12:00:00.000Z","articleSection":"recall","publisher":{"@id":"https://deploy.report/#organization"},"author":{"@id":"https://deploy.report/#organization"}},"framework_metadata":{"framework_schema_version":"0.1.0","verification_status":"verified","maturity_stage":null,"lifecycle_state":null,"architectural_position":{"cohort":null,"sub_cohorts":[]},"within_cohort_verified_vs_claimed_pair":null,"cap_flags":[],"verification_depth":{"sources_count":3,"primary_source_types":["primary-regulatory-filing"]}}}