{"id":"fc254407-1ec8-414e-8073-4caff1eb0129","slug":"michael-froomkin","name":"A. Michael Froomkin","bioBrief":"A. Michael Froomkin is the Laurie Silvers and Mitchell Rubenstein Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Miami School of Law, where he has taught since 1992. He is one of the founding figures of U.S. cyberlaw scholarship, with a body of work spanning cryptography policy, Internet governance, administrative law, privacy, identity, and, since the early 2010s, the law of robotics and artificial intelligence. He co-founded the We Robot conference in 2012 with Ian Kerr (Ottawa) and Ryan Calo (Washington), the first sustained academic venue dedicated to legal and policy issues raised by robotics, and continues to co-edit the Robot Law book series (Edward Elgar), with Volume II published in 2025 with Ryan Calo and Kristen Thomasen.","priorExits":null,"nationality":"American","verificationPosture":"verified","aliases":["Michael Froomkin","A.M. Froomkin","A. Michael Froomkin"],"sources":[{"url":"https://www.law.miami.edu/faculty/a-michael-froomkin","title":"A. Michael Froomkin — Faculty profile","sourceName":"University of Miami School of Law"},{"url":"https://www.icannwatch.org/","title":"ICANNWatch (personal blog)","sourceName":"A. Michael Froomkin"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=48022","title":"SSRN author page","sourceName":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://law.tm/","title":"law.tm — A. Michael Froomkin personal site","sourceName":"law.tm"},{"url":"https://law.tm/Froomkin-CV.pdf","title":"A. Michael Froomkin — Full CV (PDF)","sourceName":"law.tm CV"},{"url":"https://law.tm/bio/","title":"Short Bio — Michael Froomkin","sourceName":"law.tm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Froomkin","title":"Michael Froomkin — Wikipedia","sourceName":"Wikipedia"},{"url":"https://people.miami.edu/profile/41a14665087bc47ba4b04eb351d70051","title":"A. Michael Froomkin — University of Miami faculty profile","sourceName":"University of Miami"},{"url":"https://www.law.miami.edu/news/2020/september/faculty-senate-honors-michael-froomkin-visionary-intersection-technology-and-law","title":"Faculty Senate Honors A. Michael Froomkin","sourceName":"Miami Law News"},{"url":"https://news.miami.edu/law/stories/2025/08/robot-law-volume-ii-froomkin.html","title":"Robot Law: Volume II Edited by Professor A. Michael Froomkin","sourceName":"Miami Law News"},{"url":"https://epic.org/people/a-michael-froomkin/","title":"A. Michael Froomkin — EPIC Advisory Board","sourceName":"Electronic Privacy Information Center"},{"url":"https://robots.law.miami.edu/","title":"We Robot Conference","sourceName":"We Robot"},{"url":"https://jotwell.com/","title":"Jotwell — The Journal of Things We Like (Lots)","sourceName":"Jotwell"},{"url":"https://www.discourse.net/","title":"Discourse.net — Froomkin's blog","sourceName":"Discourse.net"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=44289","title":"A. Michael Froomkin — SSRN author page","sourceName":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2719011","title":"The Metaphor is the Key: Cryptography, the Clipper Chip and the Constitution (1995) — 143 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 709","sourceName":"143 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 709"},{"url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol50/iss1/2/","title":"Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using ICANN to Route around the APA and the Constitution (2000) — Duke Law Journal · cited by 639","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229519","title":"The death of privacy (1999) — Stanford Law Review · cited by 932","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=363840","title":"Habermas@discourse.net: Toward a critical theory of cyberspace (2002) — Harvard Law Review · cited by 536","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=291221","title":"ICANN & Anti-Trust (with Mark A. Lemley) (2003) — 2003 University of Illinois Law Review 1","sourceName":"2003 University of Illinois Law Review 1"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2504325","title":"Self-Defense Against Robots and Drones (with Zak Colangelo) (2015) — 48 Connecticut Law Review 1","sourceName":"48 Connecticut Law Review 1"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2400736","title":"Regulating mass surveillance as privacy pollution: Learning from environmental impact statements (2015) — University of Illinois Law Review · cited by 138","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/robot-law-9781783476725.html","title":"Robot Law (co-edited with Ryan Calo and Ian Kerr) (2016) — Edward Elgar Publishing","sourceName":"Edward Elgar Publishing"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3592107","title":"Privacy as Safety (with Zak Colangelo) (2020) — 95 Washington Law Review 141","sourceName":"95 Washington Law Review 141"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4544241","title":"When AIs Say Yes and I Say No: On the Tension Between AI and the First Amendment (2023) — 101 Washington University Law Review 495","sourceName":"101 Washington University Law Review 495"},{"url":"https://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/anonymity.htm","title":"Anonymity and its enmities (1995) — Journal of Online Law · cited by 104","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://news.miami.edu/law/stories/2020/02/faculty-senate-names-professor-a.-michael-froomkin-as-distinguished-faculty-scholar.html","title":"University of Miami Faculty Senate: Distinguished Faculty Scholar Award (2020)","sourceName":"University of Miami Faculty Senate"},{"url":"https://www.ge.com/news/reports/robot-law-preventing-serious-and-subtle-threats-an-interview-with-a-michael-froomkin","title":"GE Reports: Interview: Robot Law: Preventing Serious and Subtle Threats (2016)","sourceName":"GE Reports"},{"url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol143/iss3/2/","title":"Metaphor is the key: cryptography, the clipper chip, and the constitution (1994) — University of Pennsylvania Law Review · cited by 474","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/ocean.htm","title":"Flood control on the information ocean: Living with anonymity, digital cash, and distributed databases (1995) — Journal of Law and Commerce · cited by 349","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/trustedno.htm","title":"The essential role of trusted third parties in electronic commerce (1996) — Oregon Law Review · cited by 343","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3114347","title":"When AIs outperform doctors: confronting the challenges of a tort-induced over-reliance on machine learning (2019) — Arizona Law Review · cited by 278","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=278844","title":"ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy — Causes and (Partial) Cures (2001) — Brooklyn Law Review · cited by 229","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/726","title":"Speculative microeconomics for tomorrow's economy (2000) — Internet Publishing and Beyond (MIT Press) · cited by 181","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/reinvent.htm","title":"Reinventing the government corporation (1995) — University of Illinois Law Review · cited by 175","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/arbitr.htm","title":"The Internet as a source of regulatory arbitrage (1997) — Borders in Cyberspace (MIT Press) · cited by 170","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1JX12vMAAAAJ&hl=en","title":"The Imperial Presidency's New Vestments 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Law Review · cited by 80","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24116504","title":"Of Governments and Governance (1999) — Berkeley Technology Law Journal · cited by 76","sourceName":"Google Scholar"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3405482","title":"Big data: destroyer of informed consent (2019) — Yale Journal of Law & Technology · cited by 69","sourceName":"Google Scholar"}],"reviewStatus":"reviewed","createdAt":"2026-08-25T23:24:45.484Z","updatedAt":"2026-08-26T01:02:25.427Z","educations":[{"id":"298f0d5d-fb80-40aa-b37f-58e1527d9bd0","personId":"fc254407-1ec8-414e-8073-4caff1eb0129","institution":"Yale Law School","degree":"J.D.","startYear":null,"endYear":1987,"createdAt":"2026-08-25T23:38:14.533Z"},{"id":"1a54c5bd-e12f-4c9f-8eb5-aeb05de411a0","personId":"fc254407-1ec8-414e-8073-4caff1eb0129","institution":"University of Cambridge","degree":"M.Phil., History (History of International 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