{"regulations":[{"id":"854db4ea-74b6-4133-9ec7-836ad4266c7a","slug":"imo-mass-code-2026","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"IMO MASS Code -- first global framework for maritime autonomous surface ships","summary":"The International Maritime Organization's Code for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS Code) entered into force on July 1, 2026 as a non-mandatory instrument following adoption at IMO MSC 111 (May 2026). It applies to cargo ships and establishes the first internationally agreed regulatory framework for vessels operating with reduced or no human crew. The code initiates an 'Experience Building Phase'; the IMO MASS Working Group will reconvene at MSC 112 in December 2026 to assess further development. As a non-mandatory instrument, flag states and operators may voluntarily comply; mandatory provisions are expected in a later phase. No specific commercial vessel has yet been confirmed as operating under the MASS Code framework.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2026-07-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":["maritime"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["MASS Code","IMO MASS Code","Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships Code"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-02T04:15:32.153Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T04:15:32.153Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"bd3da2a9-67e9-4119-9538-3442f6565f5b","slug":"saudi-av-regulation","kind":"other","headline":"Saudi Arabia Technical Regulations for Autonomous Vehicles","summary":"Saudi Arabia's Technical Regulations for Autonomous Vehicles, issued by SASO (Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization) and implemented/overseen by the Transport General Authority (TGA) via a pilot and regulatory sandbox, in force from April 2026, working alongside Volume 801 of the Saudi Highway Code. The framework covers SAE Level 4 and 5 vehicles across passenger transport, goods transport, hub-to-hub freight, and autonomous parking; the Riyadh pilot (Uber and WeRide) ran through late 2025 with 1,000-plus users. The NEOM deployment hub (robotaxi/air-taxi announcements) is treated as deployment context, not a regulation.","locationId":"6db9d267-b288-452b-996e-616de9810eba","effectiveAt":"2026-04-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Saudi autonomous vehicle regulation","SASO autonomous vehicle technical regulations","TGA autonomous vehicle framework"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:03.281Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:03.281Z","location":{"id":"6db9d267-b288-452b-996e-616de9810eba","name":"Saudi Arabia","slug":"saudi-arabia","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["KSA","Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:57.271Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:57.271Z"}},{"id":"7dc2eff7-4012-4750-a785-5fd2d3db7e70","slug":"uae-abu-dhabi-av","kind":"other","headline":"Abu Dhabi autonomous-vehicle permit regime","summary":"Abu Dhabi's autonomous-vehicle regulatory regime, administered by the Integrated Transport Centre (ITC) with oversight via the Cabinet RegLab, the Supervisory Committee for Advanced Driving Systems Testing (chaired by the Ministry of Interior), and the Smart and Autonomous Systems Council (SASC). In November 2025 Abu Dhabi began issuing fully driverless Level 4 commercial permits, with a real-time digital monitoring platform for tracking and incident logging as the regulatory mechanism. This is a permit-and-oversight regime rather than a standalone statute like Dubai's Law 9 of 2023; the Masdar City SAVI cluster is an industry zone, not a regulation.","locationId":"1ad3ab06-6265-45df-9f7c-7ff45fca5577","effectiveAt":"2025-11-13T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Abu Dhabi autonomous vehicle regulation","Abu Dhabi ITC AV permits"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:01.376Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:01.376Z","location":{"id":"1ad3ab06-6265-45df-9f7c-7ff45fca5577","name":"Abu Dhabi","slug":"abu-dhabi","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"4c2e1c95-4da6-4bf2-9791-0c479608a167","region":null,"lat":24.4539,"lng":54.3773,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T17:22:19.668Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:44.683Z"}},{"id":"9f21be90-f3bf-430f-94f0-e3ca7ccf91a9","slug":"ansi-can-ul-3300-2024","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ANSI/CAN/UL 3300:2024 - Safety for service, communication, information, education and entertainment (SCIEE) robots","summary":"The North American safety standard for service robots (delivery, guidance, cleaning, education, entertainment), published April 2025. Evaluates operational safety for multidirectional mobility, fire and shock hazards, external manipulation, user classes, and operating surroundings. The primary standard most general service/consumer robots are certified against.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2025-04-16T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:53.961Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:53.961Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"6d9a311f-efbc-48a8-b90c-25cae849cbc4","slug":"china-beijing-av","kind":"other","headline":"Beijing Autonomous Vehicle Regulations","summary":"The Beijing Autonomous Vehicle Regulations, passed by the Standing Committee of the Beijing Municipal People's Congress in December 2024 and effective 1 April 2025, providing a city-wide Level 3-plus legal framework for autonomous-vehicle road testing, demonstration, and commercial operation (superseding the prior demonstration-zone-only basis; Beijing's high-level autonomous-driving demonstration zone launched 2020 and granted its first fully driverless permits in 2023). Operates within China's national ICV framework (see china-av-framework).","locationId":"4dcea30f-1b34-41af-9aa0-f1440e395b68","effectiveAt":"2025-04-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Beijing AV Regulations","Beijing autonomous vehicle law"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:21.599Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:21.599Z","location":{"id":"4dcea30f-1b34-41af-9aa0-f1440e395b68","name":"Beijing","slug":"beijing","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"e2b73719-93ef-4348-b643-17acd093d571","region":null,"lat":39.9042,"lng":116.4074,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T13:18:59.874Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:31.720Z"}},{"id":"3818ac1e-b033-419d-aab0-44050dd05665","slug":"switzerland-automated-driving-ordinance","kind":"other","headline":"Switzerland Automated Driving Ordinance (VAF, SR 2025/50)","summary":"Switzerland's Ordinance on Automated Driving (Verordnung ueber das automatisierte Fahren, VAF, SR 2025/50), adopted 13 December 2024 and in force from 1 March 2025. It permits motorway autopilot, driverless vehicles on cantonally authorised routes (with a remote operator located in Switzerland), and automated parking - the road-AV framework Swiss-deployed autonomous-vehicle operators fall under.","locationId":"3aacc9dc-e1da-4677-babf-92021223d16f","effectiveAt":"2025-03-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Switzerland Automated Driving Ordinance","VAF","SR 2025/50"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:54.239Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:54.239Z","location":{"id":"3aacc9dc-e1da-4677-babf-92021223d16f","name":"Switzerland","slug":"switzerland","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":46.8182,"lng":8.2275,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["CH"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:21.889Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:38.355Z"}},{"id":"27e8c575-b23d-41d7-8a18-1502c090b627","slug":"iso-10218-2-2025","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO 10218-2:2025 - Robotics - Safety requirements - Part 2: Industrial robot applications and cells","summary":"The companion international standard covering safety of integrated industrial-robot systems, cells, and applications (integration-level safety). The 2025 edition integrates the collaborative-operation guidance formerly in ISO/TS 15066.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2025-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:50.459Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:50.459Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"a34875c1-5f4f-4485-b8b5-760b7b977db6","slug":"iso-10218-1-2025","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO 10218-1:2025 - Robotics - Safety requirements - Part 1: Industrial robots","summary":"The foundational international safety standard for the design and construction of industrial robots. The 2025 edition is a major overhaul of the 2011 version, adding clearer functional-safety requirements, new robot classifications, and updated test methods. Part 1 covers the robot itself.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2025-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:49.739Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:49.739Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"c1bc95e4-4ac5-4c43-be10-faeb8fe9f2c4","slug":"pennsylvania-pdd-sb1199","kind":"registration","headline":"Pennsylvania SB 1199: Personal Delivery Devices classified as pedestrians","summary":"Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1199 amended Title 75 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes to define a Personal Delivery Device (PDD) and classify it as a pedestrian rather than a vehicle. The law permits PDDs in pedestrian areas and on roadway shoulders, caps speed at 12 mph in pedestrian areas and 25 mph on shoulders, limits weight to under 550 pounds without cargo, and establishes a two-phase operation model (an initial 180-day period requiring an operator within line of sight, transitioning to autonomous operation). Operators must obtain a PDD authorization from PennDOT, including an operational plan and proof of liability insurance. The law generally preempts local municipal regulation of PDDs.","locationId":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","effectiveAt":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:05.118Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:23:18.115Z","location":{"id":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","name":"Pennsylvania","slug":"pennsylvania","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":41.2033,"lng":-77.1945,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","PA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.778Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:17.260Z"}},{"id":"ed6cf23e-a65a-4ffc-abe9-047acf980b25","slug":"fcc-5-year-deorbit-rule-2022","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"FCC 5-Year LEO Deorbit Rule","summary":"FCC rule requiring low-Earth-orbit satellites (at or below 2,000 km) to deorbit within 5 years of mission end, replacing the prior 25-year guideline; adopted 2022-09-29, effective 2024-09-29. Governs orbital-debris mitigation (alongside FCC spectrum licensing).","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2024-09-29T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["space"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["FCC 5-year rule","FCC deorbit rule"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-05T23:23:57.614Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-05T23:23:57.614Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"ce3018d9-cb80-46ab-9125-9211579cb3fc","slug":"eu-ai-act","kind":"other","headline":"EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689)","summary":"The European Union's horizontal AI regulation (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), adopted 13 June 2024, in force 1 August 2024, applying in phases (prohibited practices and AI literacy from 2 Feb 2025; general-purpose AI model obligations from 2 Aug 2025; most high-risk provisions from 2 Aug 2026; high-risk AI embedded in regulated products from 2 Aug 2027). It is genuinely cross-cutting across all physical-AI categories: physical robots are reached as high-risk AI both via Annex III (standalone high-risk uses such as biometrics) and via Annex I (AI as a safety component of products under existing EU harmonisation law - bridging to the Machinery Regulation for robots, to motor-vehicle type-approval for autonomous cars and trucks, and to the EASA/UAS framework for drones), plus the general-purpose-AI model rules that apply regardless of embodiment. (formFactors left empty: genuinely applies to every category.) A proposed Digital Omnibus (2025-2026) may postpone some high-risk deadlines; treated here as not-yet-settled.","locationId":"1f672777-9422-4b11-8e4d-4fd9e8209c30","effectiveAt":"2024-08-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["EU AI Act","Artificial Intelligence Act","Regulation (EU) 2024/1689"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:46.610Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:46.610Z","location":{"id":"1f672777-9422-4b11-8e4d-4fd9e8209c30","name":"European Union","slug":"european-union","kind":"region","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":54.526,"lng":15.2551,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:45.465Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:35.092Z"}},{"id":"e6651430-4b13-4a7b-9a19-5a61141bd07c","slug":"uk-automated-vehicles-act","kind":"other","headline":"UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024 (c. 10)","summary":"The United Kingdom's Automated Vehicles Act 2024 (2024 c. 10), which received royal assent on 20 May 2024 (most provisions commencing via secondary legislation). It establishes the framework for self-driving cars and trucks: an 'authorised self-driving entity' (ASDE) accountable for the vehicle's behaviour, a 'no-user-in-charge' operating mode, and user-in-charge immunity. Built on the Law Commission's joint review of automated vehicles.","locationId":"84e0a0ff-62f3-4522-b9c6-30c1ed454ad2","effectiveAt":"2024-05-20T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024","AV Act 2024","2024 c. 10"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:51.234Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:51.234Z","location":{"id":"84e0a0ff-62f3-4522-b9c6-30c1ed454ad2","name":"United Kingdom","slug":"united-kingdom","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":55.3781,"lng":-3.436,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["UK","Britain","Great Britain"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:22.268Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.891Z"}},{"id":"557c7c78-8908-4359-ae4c-b08b633fcad5","slug":"iso-18497-2024","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO 18497:2024 - Safety of partially automated, semi-autonomous and autonomous agricultural machinery","summary":"The international standard series (Parts 1-4, 2024) for the safety of automated agricultural machinery and tractors: machine-design principles and vocabulary, obstacle-protection-system design, autonomous operating zones, and verification/validation methods. The core safety framework for autonomous farm robots and driverless tractors.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2024-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:54.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:54.511Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"c9512025-b877-4513-82cf-cae31191a6b9","slug":"korea-intelligent-robots-act","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"South Korea Intelligent Robots Act (2023 amendment; outdoor/sidewalk robots, Act No. 19412)","summary":"The 2023 amendment (Act No. 19412) to South Korea's Intelligent Robots Development and Distribution Promotion Act, administered by MOTIE (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy), passed 16 May 2023 and in force 17 November 2023. It grants outdoor mobile robots that obtain operational-safety certification pedestrian legal status, permitting them to travel on sidewalks (Art. 40-2(1)), subject to a safety-certification checklist (incl. traffic-rule compliance) and a damage/liability insurance requirement. This is a genuine robot-operation law authorizing sidewalk delivery robots, paralleling US state PDD laws.","locationId":"84179297-6783-4778-b888-3c681f25e29b","effectiveAt":"2023-11-17T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Korea Intelligent Robots Act","Act No. 19412","Korea sidewalk robot law"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:24.710Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:24.710Z","location":{"id":"84179297-6783-4778-b888-3c681f25e29b","name":"South Korea","slug":"south-korea","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":35.9078,"lng":127.7669,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:16.200Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.734Z"}},{"id":"44a67005-b9d6-43a6-9b2d-167d343fdae5","slug":"china-av-framework","kind":"other","headline":"China national intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) framework","summary":"China's national framework for autonomous (intelligent connected) vehicles. Centered on the 17 Nov 2023 Notice on launching the pilot work for access and on-road operation of intelligent connected vehicles, issued jointly by MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the Ministry of Transport, which permits qualified Level 3 and Level 4 ICVs (passenger and freight) on roads in restricted areas of qualified cities under a manufacturer-plus-user consortium model; together with the 2021 Norms for the Administration of Road Testing and Demonstration Applications of ICVs and the GB national driving-automation standards. Autonomous-truck operation (e.g. Inceptio's L2+/L3 fleets, and Pony.ai's first-in-China cross-provincial robotruck platooning approval on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei corridor, Jan 2025) falls under this national framework; there is no separate national robotruck statute.","locationId":"e2b73719-93ef-4348-b643-17acd093d571","effectiveAt":"2023-11-17T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["China ICV framework","China autonomous vehicle pilot","MIIT ICV access pilot 2023"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:18.200Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:18.200Z","location":{"id":"e2b73719-93ef-4348-b643-17acd093d571","name":"China","slug":"china","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":35.8617,"lng":104.1954,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["CN","PRC"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:24:07.294Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.578Z"}},{"id":"0bada398-31f9-4800-824a-02c258fb8e32","slug":"ca-cruise-driverless-permit-suspension-2023","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"California suspends Cruise's driverless robotaxi permits after pedestrian-dragging incident","summary":"Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident, the California DMV suspended Cruise's permits to operate driverless vehicles, citing the company's failure to share footage of the dragging and determining the vehicles were not safe for public operation. The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) separately suspended Cruise's driverless testing permit roughly three weeks after the incident. Cruise pulled all driverless vehicles off public roads nationwide in response. The suspensions effectively ended Cruise's driverless commercial robotaxi operations in California.","locationId":"2d4c4f92-048d-40ff-8952-eee55d6a3ca2","effectiveAt":"2023-10-24T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.42","former 13 CCR § 227.38 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.38","13 CCR § 228.08","former 13 CCR § 228.06 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 228.06"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:53:12.350Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T05:06:12.923Z","location":{"id":"2d4c4f92-048d-40ff-8952-eee55d6a3ca2","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco-ca","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","region":null,"lat":37.7749,"lng":-122.4194,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T22:52:02.099Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:02:15.204Z"}},{"id":"a0c6f3a4-bf61-42b9-9381-462f907f4bc3","slug":"eu-machinery-regulation","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"EU Machinery Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1230)","summary":"The EU Machinery Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1230), adopted 14 June 2023, entered into force July 2023, applying from 20 January 2027 (replacing the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC). It governs machinery safety (CE marking, essential health and safety requirements) and expressly covers autonomous mobile machinery and collaborative robots, with new Annex III requirements on AI, cybersecurity, and human-robot collaboration; Annex I Part A (toughest, mandatory third-party type-examination) includes safety components with self-evolving machine-learning behaviour. SCOPE: humanoid and industrial robots/cobots are IN scope as machinery; road motor vehicles are EXCLUDED (Art. 2(2)(g) - they fall under separate type-approval, Reg (EU) 2018/858); drones/UAS sit under the EASA framework, not the Machinery Regulation. (formFactors=['humanoid'] for current registry state - the humanoid robots it governs; expand to other in-scope robot categories as they are added.)","locationId":"1f672777-9422-4b11-8e4d-4fd9e8209c30","effectiveAt":"2023-07-19T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["humanoid"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["EU Machinery Regulation","Regulation (EU) 2023/1230","Machinery Directive successor"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:48.697Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:48.697Z","location":{"id":"1f672777-9422-4b11-8e4d-4fd9e8209c30","name":"European Union","slug":"european-union","kind":"region","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":54.526,"lng":15.2551,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:45.465Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:35.092Z"}},{"id":"dc9e35d7-4104-4b5d-9057-75b7560fca5d","slug":"uae-dubai-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Dubai autonomous-vehicle law (Law No. 9 of 2023)","summary":"Dubai's Law No. (9) of 2023 Regulating the Operation of Autonomous Vehicles, issued by the Ruler of Dubai and administered by the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA), in force from mid-2023, with executive regulations via RTA Administrative Resolution No. (939) of 2025. It prohibits operating any autonomous vehicle in Dubai (including DIFC and free zones) without an RTA license, defining six AV categories and eight licensing conditions, and coordinates with the federal layer (Federal Decree-Law No. 14 of 2024 on road traffic). In September 2025 the RTA added a comprehensive framework for the operation of autonomous heavy vehicles for logistics transport (licensing, trial routes, technical requirements). The binding instrument is this law, distinct from the non-binding Dubai Self-Driving Transport Strategy 2030 target.","locationId":"f0491685-0c1d-4be6-8010-1daf5225a234","effectiveAt":"2023-07-13T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Dubai Law No. 9 of 2023","Dubai autonomous vehicle law","RTA autonomous vehicle regulation"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:59.628Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:59.628Z","location":{"id":"f0491685-0c1d-4be6-8010-1daf5225a234","name":"Dubai","slug":"dubai","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"4c2e1c95-4da6-4bf2-9791-0c479608a167","region":null,"lat":25.2048,"lng":55.2708,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T17:16:20.172Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:45.447Z"}},{"id":"09b2b744-a8ad-44fe-941f-022ab052ec76","slug":"china-shanghai-pudong-av","kind":"other","headline":"Shanghai Pudong driverless ICV innovative-application provisions","summary":"Provisions of the Shanghai Pudong New Area on Promoting the Innovative Application of Driverless Intelligent Connected Vehicles, effective 1 February 2023, authorizing Level 4 driverless ICV testing, demonstration, and commercial application within Pudong. Operates within China's national ICV framework (see china-av-framework). Thin English-language primary coverage (cap-flagged).","locationId":"16318355-da13-4376-a49a-2a3c632f9471","effectiveAt":"2023-02-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Shanghai Pudong driverless ICV provisions","Pudong autonomous vehicle rules"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:20.838Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T05:11:16.272Z","location":{"id":"16318355-da13-4376-a49a-2a3c632f9471","name":"Shanghai","slug":"shanghai-china","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"e2b73719-93ef-4348-b643-17acd093d571","region":null,"lat":31.2304,"lng":121.4737,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T15:36:13.869Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:03:07.949Z"}},{"id":"29c16c56-c1ac-4948-8c3b-7ce3d6e823e4","slug":"eu-u-space","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"EU U-space drone-airspace framework (Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/664)","summary":"The EU's U-space regulatory framework for drone (UAS) airspace, centered on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/664 (with 2021/665 on ATM/ANS providers and 2021/666 on manned aviation in U-space), applicable from 26 January 2023 and administered via EASA. Member States designate U-space airspace (backed by an airspace risk assessment); within it, UAS operators must use U-space service providers delivering mandatory services - network identification, geo-awareness, traffic information, and flight authorisation - enabling high volumes of low-altitude drone operations to integrate safely with manned aviation.","locationId":"1f672777-9422-4b11-8e4d-4fd9e8209c30","effectiveAt":"2023-01-26T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["EU U-space","U-space framework","Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/664"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:49.787Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:49.787Z","location":{"id":"1f672777-9422-4b11-8e4d-4fd9e8209c30","name":"European Union","slug":"european-union","kind":"region","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":54.526,"lng":15.2551,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:45.465Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:35.092Z"}},{"id":"1f99d3ae-ae8e-4df1-b1b2-71a9c543f817","slug":"switzerland-drone-framework","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Switzerland drone (UAS) framework (FOCA; VLK, SR 748.941)","summary":"Switzerland's drone (UAS) regulatory framework, supervised by the Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA/BAZL). The DETEC Ordinance on Special Category Aircraft (VLK, SR 748.941) incorporates the EU drone rules (Regulations 2019/947 and 2019/945) into Swiss law, effective 1 January 2023, establishing the Open/Specific/Certified categories. This is the framework under which Matternet operated medical drone delivery for Swiss Post; those operations were suspended in August 2019 after a second crash (a parachute-tether failure near Zurich).","locationId":"3aacc9dc-e1da-4677-babf-92021223d16f","effectiveAt":"2023-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Switzerland drone framework","FOCA UAS rules","VLK SR 748.941","BAZL drones"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:53.234Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:53.234Z","location":{"id":"3aacc9dc-e1da-4677-babf-92021223d16f","name":"Switzerland","slug":"switzerland","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":46.8182,"lng":8.2275,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["CH"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:21.889Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:38.355Z"}},{"id":"4599a343-49d8-496d-a347-0f0dac6c67cd","slug":"china-shenzhen-icv","kind":"other","headline":"Shenzhen Intelligent Connected Vehicle Management Regulations","summary":"Regulations of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on the Administration of Intelligent Connected Vehicles, adopted 23 June 2022 and effective 1 August 2022 - China's first local law to permit fully driverless commercial autonomous-vehicle operation (no safety driver) on designated roads, with provisions on access, testing, demonstration, commercial operation, and liability. Operates within China's national ICV framework (see china-av-framework).","locationId":"ebecb78e-4c07-4532-a0b5-c4743c52b102","effectiveAt":"2022-08-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Shenzhen ICV Regulations","Shenzhen intelligent connected vehicle law"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:19.912Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:19.912Z","location":{"id":"ebecb78e-4c07-4532-a0b5-c4743c52b102","name":"Shenzhen","slug":"shenzhen","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"e2b73719-93ef-4348-b643-17acd093d571","region":null,"lat":22.5431,"lng":114.0579,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T13:19:00.492Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T04:21:04.110Z"}},{"id":"033d0f84-2679-413d-b584-03500343de3a","slug":"new-mexico-av-rule","kind":"other","headline":"New Mexico autonomous vehicle testing/operation rule (NMDOT 18.24.1.9)","summary":"New Mexico has NO enacted comprehensive autonomous-vehicle statute; two legislative attempts failed (2021 HB270 and 2025 HB148, which would have required a human operator until 2036 but stalled in committee). AV operation is instead governed by a narrow testing statute (NMSA 66-7-12, autonomous motor vehicles; notification and regulation of testing) and the operative NMDOT administrative rule, NMAC 18.24.1.9 (Autonomous Motor Vehicle Testing and Operation, effective April 19, 2022), which permits human-supervised testing and, on certification (FMVSS compliance, minimal-risk condition, insurance, registration, law-enforcement interaction protocol), driverless operation. This agency-rule regime is the basis for Kodiak Robotics' autonomous Class 8 truck runs in the New Mexico portion of the Permian Basin. Applies to autonomous vehicles including trucks. EDITORIAL NOTE: the thin source base reflects genuinely thin underlying law (no comprehensive statute), not a sourcing gap.","locationId":"aa527052-456e-47ba-a76f-5349601e14d5","effectiveAt":"2022-04-19T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["New Mexico AV rule","NMAC 18.24.1.9","NMSA 66-7-12","New Mexico autonomous vehicle"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:19.910Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:43:03.913Z","location":{"id":"aa527052-456e-47ba-a76f-5349601e14d5","name":"New Mexico","slug":"new-mexico","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["NM"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:12.652Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:15.709Z"}},{"id":"eb95314e-eeb2-4312-8ed4-b2c72de24ed8","slug":"uae-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"UAE unmanned-aircraft (drone) framework (GCAA CAR-UAS)","summary":"The UAE federal framework for unmanned aircraft, administered by the General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) via CAR-UAS (Civil Aviation Regulation, Unmanned Aircraft System and Operations, Issue 01) and the CAR Airspace U-space provisions, on the statutory base of Federal Decree-Law No. 26 of 2022 on Regulating Unmanned Aircraft and Federal Decree-Law No. 28 of 2023 on Civil Aviation. It distinguishes recreational from commercial operators and open from specific categories, with line-of-sight, 400 ft altitude, airport-exclusion, and Remote ID requirements. Statutory base dated to 2022 (year-level).","locationId":"4c2e1c95-4da6-4bf2-9791-0c479608a167","effectiveAt":"2022-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["UAE drone regulation","GCAA CAR-UAS","Federal Decree-Law 26 of 2022 unmanned aircraft"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:02.291Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:02.291Z","location":{"id":"4c2e1c95-4da6-4bf2-9791-0c479608a167","name":"United Arab Emirates","slug":"uae","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":23.4241,"lng":53.8478,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["UAE"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:55.600Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.590Z"}},{"id":"d11083c6-da86-43dd-b1cf-79b6d07f72fe","slug":"kirkland-wa-pdd-moratorium-o4779","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Kirkland, WA Ordinance O-4779: emergency moratorium on Personal Delivery Devices","summary":"Kirkland, Washington Ordinance No. O-4779 (2022) established a six-month emergency moratorium on the acceptance of applications for, review of, or issuance of permits related to the use or storage of autonomous personal delivery devices (referred to as APDDs or 'hives'), and set a public-hearing date under applicable Washington state code provisions. It represents a municipal restriction adopted while a local regulatory framework was developed.","locationId":"335beda7-c0c5-4d40-bde4-3879e2ccb7e2","effectiveAt":"2022-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.943Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:23:17.003Z","location":{"id":"335beda7-c0c5-4d40-bde4-3879e2ccb7e2","name":"Kirkland","slug":"kirkland-wa","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Kirkland, WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.417Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:16.950Z"}},{"id":"d088358f-9b8e-47db-9036-ad2facdd1de1","slug":"eeoc-ai-employment-guidance","kind":"other","headline":"EEOC AI-in-employment guidance (United States)","summary":"The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's framework applying federal anti-discrimination law to employer use of software, algorithms, and AI in hiring and employment decisions. It comprises the Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic Fairness Initiative (launched October 2021); guidance applying the Americans with Disabilities Act to AI assessment tools (May 2022); and a technical-assistance document on assessing adverse/disparate impact under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act when AI is used in selection procedures (May 2023). The underlying ADA and Title VII statutes apply durably to AI-based employment tools; the specific EEOC technical-assistance documents have been subject to administration-dependent revision since 2025, so this entity's status events should be refined as that picture settles.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2021-10-28T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["EEOC AI and Algorithmic Fairness Initiative","EEOC ADA AI guidance","EEOC Title VII AI guidance"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:37.708Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:33.386Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"a31d5d67-2d49-4466-8fb4-e4a879c380e3","slug":"arizona-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Arizona autonomous vehicle law (ARS Title 28 Ch. 9; EO 2018-04 / HB 2813)","summary":"Arizona's framework authorizing fully autonomous (SAE Level 4/5) vehicle operation on public roads. It began with Executive Order 2015-09 (testing, Aug 2015), expanded to driverless operation under Executive Order 2018-04 (Mar 1, 2018), and was codified in statute as Arizona Revised Statutes Title 28, Chapter 9, Article 5 (sections 28-9701 to 28-9708) via HB 2813 (effective Sept 29, 2021). It is one of the most permissive US regimes: the automated driving system is legally the driver, with no vehicle-weight cap, so it applies to both passenger AVs (robotaxis) and autonomous trucks (e.g. TuSimple ran driverless on I-10). Operators file a law-enforcement interaction plan and a written compliance statement with ADOT/DPS.","locationId":"559f49c3-1532-4c6f-b055-4d83a05fb88b","effectiveAt":"2021-09-29T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Arizona AV law","ARS 28-9701","Executive Order 2018-04","HB 2813"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:13.105Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:43:03.524Z","location":{"id":"559f49c3-1532-4c6f-b055-4d83a05fb88b","name":"Arizona","slug":"arizona","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":34.0489,"lng":-111.0937,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["AZ"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:11.652Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:14.929Z"}},{"id":"f0c8aed1-c14a-497c-977a-475df0eb9d08","slug":"nhtsa-av-framework","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"NHTSA Automated Vehicle regulatory framework (United States)","summary":"The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's framework governing automated-driving-system (ADS) vehicles. It centers on the Standing General Order (SGO 2021-01, first issued June 2021 and amended through 2025) requiring crash reporting for ADS and Level 2 ADAS vehicles; the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS, 49 CFR Part 571) and the Part 555 / Automated Vehicle Exemption Program pathways for vehicles lacking traditional driver controls; and the proposed ADS-equipped Vehicle Safety, Transparency, and Evaluation Program (AV STEP). In April 2025, DOT and NHTSA announced a revised AV Framework built on three principles: prioritize safety of AV operations, remove unnecessary regulatory barriers, and enable commercial deployment.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2021-06-29T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["NHTSA AV Framework","Standing General Order 2021-01","AV STEP","Part 555 AV exemption","FMVSS"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.762Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:32.530Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"a590d7ef-3ca4-4f47-b8a3-a0ca595acba6","slug":"korea-av-commercialization-act","kind":"other","headline":"South Korea Autonomous Vehicle Commercialization Act (Act No. 16421)","summary":"South Korea's Act on the Promotion of and Support for Commercialization of Autonomous Vehicles (Act No. 16421), administered by MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport), enacted 30 April 2019 and effective 1 May 2020. It designates self-driving sections of public roads and autonomous-driving testing/demonstration districts with regulatory exemptions, sets minimum-insurance rules, and underpins MOLIT temporary operation permits (e.g. Hyundai RoboRide in Gangnam, Seoul). Vehicle-class-general; supports passenger AVs, buses, and freight (the highway pilot has expanded across dozens of routes).","locationId":"84179297-6783-4778-b888-3c681f25e29b","effectiveAt":"2020-05-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Korea Autonomous Vehicle Act","Act No. 16421","Korea AV Commercialization Act"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:23.618Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:23.618Z","location":{"id":"84179297-6783-4778-b888-3c681f25e29b","name":"South Korea","slug":"south-korea","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":35.9078,"lng":127.7669,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:16.200Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.734Z"}},{"id":"122cbae6-db09-4ce5-a040-209d3c885e04","slug":"japan-av-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Japan automated-driving framework (Road Traffic Act amendments)","summary":"Japan's automated-driving legal framework under amendments to the Road Traffic Act, administered by the National Police Agency (permissions via prefectural Public Safety Commissions). The 2019 amendment authorized Level 3 conditional automated driving (effective 1 April 2020); the 2022 amendment (Act No. 32) authorized Level 4 'specified automated operation' - driverless, remote-supervised operation with no in-vehicle driver (effective 1 April 2023), with the first L4 approval granted to a low-speed service in Eiheiji, Fukui Prefecture on 11 May 2023. The framework is vehicle-class-general (covers shuttles/buses; first deployments are low-speed shuttles).","locationId":"94b72ada-cafc-4321-a524-cb8e576bb849","effectiveAt":"2020-04-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Japan Road Traffic Act automated driving","specified automated operation","Japan L4 framework"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:22.456Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:22.456Z","location":{"id":"94b72ada-cafc-4321-a524-cb8e576bb849","name":"Japan","slug":"japan","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":36.2048,"lng":138.2529,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T14:45:15.579Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.655Z"}},{"id":"527e81d8-cd08-4f94-9eca-45f2b8e2ea84","slug":"iso-tr-23482-1-2020","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO/TR 23482-1:2020 - Robotics - Application of ISO 13482 - Part 1: Safety-related test methods","summary":"The technical report defining safety-related test methods for verifying personal care robots against ISO 13482 (mobile servant, physical-assistant, and person-carrier robots). Part 2 (ISO/TR 23482-2:2019) adds application guidance. Operationalizes how personal-care/service-robot safety is actually tested.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2020-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:54.980Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:54.980Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"211967f1-b6f8-4e6f-81de-3346c0bbf13d","slug":"ansi-a3-r15-08","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ANSI/A3 R15.08 - Industrial mobile robot (IMR) safety","summary":"The US safety standard for industrial mobile robots: mobile platforms, manipulators mounted on mobile platforms, and AMRs not covered by the fixed-industrial-robot standard. R15.08-1 (the first part) was published in 2020, the US counterpart to ISO 3691-4.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2020-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:53.105Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:53.105Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"499dbdb7-68a2-4029-a1e6-21408bb0c384","slug":"iso-3691-4","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO 3691-4 - Industrial trucks - Safety requirements - Part 4: Driverless industrial trucks (AMRs)","summary":"The international safety standard for driverless industrial trucks and autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) used in industrial and warehouse environments, covering navigation, obstacle detection, and protective stopping in shared human spaces.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2020-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:52.091Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:52.091Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"94a32b58-1bab-497a-b4c1-e17447e08f1f","slug":"israel-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Israel unmanned-aircraft framework (Aviation Law 5771-2011; UAS Regulations 2020)","summary":"Israel's framework for unmanned aircraft, administered by the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel (CAAI) under the Aviation Law 5771-2011 and the Aviation Regulations (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) 2020, which set operational rules and require a mandatory active UTM (traffic-management) connection. It underpins the Israel National Drone Initiative (INDI, launched 2019 with CAAI, C4IR Israel, the Ministry of Transport, and Ayalon Highways), an agile-regulation testbed for commercial delivery, medical, and urban-air-mobility operations via centralized UTM. Operational-rules year (2020) used for effective date (year-level).","locationId":"828bca00-4f4e-43d2-8f5c-b0373c9b772d","effectiveAt":"2020-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Israel drone regulation","CAAI unmanned aircraft","Israel National Drone Initiative","INDI"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:05.115Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:05.115Z","location":{"id":"828bca00-4f4e-43d2-8f5c-b0373c9b772d","name":"Israel","slug":"israel","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":31.0461,"lng":34.8516,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:57.651Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:38.201Z"}},{"id":"e393292a-51c1-4175-8d22-bfacf6321732","slug":"texas-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Texas personal delivery device law (Tex. Transp. Code Ch. 552A)","summary":"Texas's personal-delivery-device statute (Texas Transportation Code Chapter 552A, SB 969, effective Sept 1, 2019), authorizing sidewalk/roadway-shoulder delivery devices with operating rules and weight limits. Distinct from Texas's separate drone law (Gov't Code Ch. 423) and autonomous-ground-vehicle law.","locationId":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","effectiveAt":"2019-09-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Texas PDD law","Tex. Transp. Code Ch. 552A","SB 969"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:29.445Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:29.445Z","location":{"id":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","name":"Texas","slug":"texas","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":31.9686,"lng":-99.9018,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["TX"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:22.644Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:42.716Z"}},{"id":"7f6bd452-ad7a-4366-b276-a21fdc42a9da","slug":"arkansas-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Arkansas autonomous vehicle law (Act 468 of 2019; Ark. Code 27-51-2001 et seq.)","summary":"Arkansas's autonomous-vehicle statute: Act 468 of 2019 (originating bill HB1561), codified at Arkansas Code 27-51-2001 to 27-51-2006, signed March 14, 2019 with an emergency clause, and amended by Act 619 of 2021 (effective July 28, 2021). It authorizes operation of fully autonomous (SAE Level 4/5) vehicles on Arkansas roads under an AV pilot program with an ArDOT exemption; fully autonomous vehicles may operate without a human driver and may lack traditional controls, subject to insurance, traffic-law compliance, a minimal-risk-condition fail-safe, and a remote operator able to meet accident-reporting duties. This is the enabling law under which Gatik runs driverless Walmart middle-mile in Bentonville. Applies to autonomous vehicles including trucks.","locationId":"b0132a5a-96f7-4586-b11b-a77ae1673ab7","effectiveAt":"2019-03-14T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Arkansas AV law","Act 468 of 2019","Ark. Code 27-51-2001","HB1561"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:18.451Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:43:03.834Z","location":{"id":"b0132a5a-96f7-4586-b11b-a77ae1673ab7","name":"Arkansas","slug":"arkansas","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":34.7465,"lng":-92.2896,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["AR"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T05:15:34.669Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:45.837Z"}},{"id":"ddd166b8-a137-4c43-a9a7-83694e5e7633","slug":"dc-pdd-pilot-law-22-137","kind":"permit","headline":"Washington, D.C. Law 22-137: Personal Delivery Device Act of 2018 (permanent PDD program)","summary":"District of Columbia Law 22-137, the Personal Delivery Device Act of 2018, establishes the permanent Personal Delivery Device Program administered by DDOT, replacing the District's earlier 2016 pilot program; it sets permitting, operational, and reporting requirements. It is cited as a model framework for required data sharing between PDD operators and local government agencies.","locationId":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","effectiveAt":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:23:16.849Z","location":{"id":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","name":"Washington, D.C.","slug":"washington-dc","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"b3010acb-9292-4e72-9de8-43f3b2f9e09a","region":null,"lat":38.9072,"lng":-77.0369,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["District of Columbia","D.C."],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.258Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:35.607Z"}},{"id":"83c04793-859e-4c05-ab58-b927e7edb4a4","slug":"washington-state-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Washington State Personal Delivery Device regulations","summary":"Washington State permits Personal Delivery Devices to operate in pedestrian areas, treating them with pedestrian right-of-way, subject to operational requirements: a 6 mph speed limit, a required braking system, the ability for a human operator to remotely override and pilot the device, visible lights for evening operation, and a prohibition on carrying hazardous materials. Operators must renew an annual self-certification and license through the Washington Department of Licensing. The chapter was enacted as 2019 c 214 (Chapter 46.75 RCW).","locationId":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","effectiveAt":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.317Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:33.230Z","location":{"id":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","name":"Washington State","slug":"washington-state","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["State of Washington","WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.097Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:18.805Z"}},{"id":"64b26514-25ab-45c0-9e8a-014271f9aa05","slug":"arizona-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Arizona personal delivery device law (Ariz. Rev. Stat. 28-913)","summary":"Arizona's personal-delivery-device statute (Ariz. Rev. Stat. 28-913, added by HB 2422, 2018, ch. 306), authorizing sidewalk delivery robots with operating rules and weight/speed limits.","locationId":"559f49c3-1532-4c6f-b055-4d83a05fb88b","effectiveAt":"2018-08-03T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Arizona PDD law","Ariz. Rev. Stat. 28-913","HB 2422"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:28.673Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:28.673Z","location":{"id":"559f49c3-1532-4c6f-b055-4d83a05fb88b","name":"Arizona","slug":"arizona","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":34.0489,"lng":-111.0937,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["AZ"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:11.652Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:14.929Z"}},{"id":"8faa33f5-f320-4f43-ab47-9a8ed0a26378","slug":"north-carolina-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"North Carolina personal delivery device law (N.C.G.S. 20-175.16 et seq.)","summary":"North Carolina's personal-delivery-device statute (N.C.G.S. 20-175.16 et seq., 2018), authorizing sidewalk delivery robots with operating rules and weight/speed limits.","locationId":"f320265d-5dbc-42aa-952f-74ef6d536583","effectiveAt":"2018-06-22T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["North Carolina PDD law","N.C.G.S. 20-175.16"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:31.887Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:31.887Z","location":{"id":"f320265d-5dbc-42aa-952f-74ef6d536583","name":"North Carolina","slug":"north-carolina","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":35.7596,"lng":-79.0193,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["NC"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:18.065Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:19.190Z"}},{"id":"bcf7e95c-a2e6-4978-a2ec-edbb43a0e728","slug":"ca-ccr-13-228-08","kind":"permit","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 228.08: Application for a Permit for Post-Testing Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles on Public Roads","summary":"Application requirements for a Permit for Post-Testing Deployment of autonomous vehicles on public roads: the deployment (final) phase of California's staged permit process. The manufacturer's Safety Case must include evidence demonstrating that operation of the automated driving system does not pose an unreasonable risk of accident, death, or injury. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04); previously numbered § 228.06. Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 228.08","former 13 CCR § 228.06 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 228.06"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:34.370Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:46.158Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"27dc1851-10bd-48c6-9307-e468eac563ef","slug":"ca-ccr-13-228-02","kind":"other","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 228.02: Definitions","summary":"Defines the terms used in Article 3.8 (Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles) of California's autonomous-vehicle regulations. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04). Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 228.02","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 228.02"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:31.982Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:46.002Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"a4d078ed-a9de-40cf-a39d-9648b1d36db1","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-56","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.56: Monthly Disengagement Reporting","summary":"New section in the amended framework (effective April 28, 2026, OAL File 2025-0415-04) establishing monthly disengagement reporting. The disengagement reporting historically referenced as § 227.50 has been restructured into a monthly cadence at § 227.56. Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.56","former 13 CCR § 227.50 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.50"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:29.603Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:45.843Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"cd7b2634-f3e7-4877-a9b5-d2970077b341","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-54","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.54: Reporting Collisions","summary":"Requires a manufacturer to report collisions involving a permitted autonomous vehicle. As amended (effective April 28, 2026, OAL File 2025-0415-04), crash reporting aligns with US DOT / NHTSA guidelines. Previously numbered § 227.48. Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.54","former 13 CCR § 227.48 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.48"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:26.783Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:45.689Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"5e59fd1f-670f-4884-9af0-6f4225caf5fc","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-42","kind":"permit","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.42: Driverless Testing Permit Application Requirements","summary":"Application requirements for a Manufacturer's Permit to Test Autonomous Vehicles That Do Not Require a Driver: the driverless (second) phase of California's staged permit process. Manufacturers must complete minimum-mileage testing under a Drivered Testing Permit and submit a Safety Case before applying. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04); previously numbered § 227.38. Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.42","former 13 CCR § 227.38 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.38"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:24.404Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:45.535Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"686e6208-22d3-4f7e-8b81-ed9c97211689","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-26","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.26: Vehicles Excluded from Testing and Deployment","summary":"Governs vehicles excluded from autonomous-vehicle testing and deployment. As amended (effective April 28, 2026, OAL File 2025-0415-04), removes California's prohibition on operating autonomous vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds or greater, creating a regulatory path for heavy-duty/commercial AV testing and deployment, while continuing to exclude household movers, transport of passengers, oversize loads, hazardous materials, and bulk liquids requiring a tank endorsement. Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.26","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 227.26"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:22.051Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:45.382Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"869af71b-ae77-408c-b260-4db3cb4f7fde","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-04","kind":"permit","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.04: Requirements for a Manufacturer's Testing Permit","summary":"Sets the requirements for a Manufacturer's Testing Permit: the first phase of California's staged autonomous-vehicle permit process (testing with a safety driver in the vehicle). Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04). Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.04","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 227.04"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:19.699Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:45.228Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"159a17f2-694c-458a-8cac-67ccd3bf3279","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-02","kind":"other","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.02: Definitions","summary":"Defines the terms used in Article 3.7 (Testing of Autonomous Vehicles) of California's autonomous-vehicle regulations. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04). Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2018-04-02T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["13 CCR § 227.02","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 227.02"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:17.319Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:45.077Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"1adaf5c8-72c5-45f8-a70c-c0f9daf69ce2","slug":"ghana-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Ghana remotely-piloted-aircraft directives (GCAD Part 28)","summary":"Ghana's framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems, administered by the Ghana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) via the Ghana Civil Aviation Directive (GCAD) Part 28 - Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Directives (2018). It covers RPAS registration, commercial-operation licensing, a 400 ft altitude ceiling, a 10 km airport and helipad exclusion, and guidance for commercial operations. The framework underpins Zipline's medical-delivery network, launched in April 2019 and described at launch as the world's largest drone-delivery network. Directive year (2018) used for effective date (year-level).","locationId":"213dfea4-779b-47ed-9be6-0a6299b370c1","effectiveAt":"2018-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Ghana drone regulation","GCAD Part 28","Ghana RPAS directives"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:07.115Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:07.115Z","location":{"id":"213dfea4-779b-47ed-9be6-0a6299b370c1","name":"Ghana","slug":"ghana","kind":"country","parentLocationId":"dd303b21-50cd-4cb2-988f-4ad402670fa9","region":null,"lat":7.3697,"lng":-5.7432,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["GH"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:21.129Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:43.511Z"}},{"id":"08a7796c-ebfb-49cc-a91e-ac655746fa22","slug":"rwanda-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Rwanda performance-based drone regulations (RCAA UAS framework)","summary":"Rwanda's national framework for unmanned aircraft, administered by the Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority (RCAA). Rwanda was the first country in the world to adopt performance-based (outcome-based) drone regulation rather than prescriptive rules, developed in 2018 with the World Economic Forum and positioned as a replicable template; the framework enabled Zipline's national beyond-visual-line-of-sight medical-delivery operations (Zipline live in Rwanda since October 2016). It covers UAS pilot certification, detect-and-avoid demonstration requirements for BVLOS, and performance and safety-outcome standards. Adoption year (2018) used for effective date (year-level).","locationId":"2eaf945f-7821-4bc6-ac3e-a8c52e42134b","effectiveAt":"2018-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Rwanda drone regulation","RCAA UAS regulations","Rwanda performance-based drone regulation"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:06.107Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:06.107Z","location":{"id":"2eaf945f-7821-4bc6-ac3e-a8c52e42134b","name":"Rwanda","slug":"rwanda","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":-1.9536,"lng":29.8739,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["RW"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:20.751Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:30.439Z"}},{"id":"c68c6480-b56e-438f-941a-aea0726d1d00","slug":"norway-self-driving-act","kind":"other","headline":"Norway Act on Testing of Self-Driving Vehicles (LOV-2017-12-15-112)","summary":"Norway's Act on the testing of self-driving vehicles (Lov om utproving av selvkjorende kjoretoy, LOV-2017-12-15-112), passed 15 December 2017 and in force 1 January 2018, with implementing regulation Forskrift 2017-12-19-2240. Statens Vegvesen (the Norwegian Public Roads Administration) grants permits; operation requires a safety driver or controlled-area conditions, insurance, and technical documentation. This is the framework under which Einride operates (including its cross-border Norway-Sweden autonomous freight). (formFactors=['truck'] for current registry state - Einride; the Act covers self-driving vehicles broadly.)","locationId":"e4e97dde-fd2d-477d-adbf-3c105b7af031","effectiveAt":"2018-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Norway self-driving vehicles act","LOV-2017-12-15-112","Statens Vegvesen automated vehicles"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:56.175Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:56.175Z","location":{"id":"e4e97dde-fd2d-477d-adbf-3c105b7af031","name":"Norway","slug":"norway","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":60.472,"lng":8.4689,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:46.081Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:30.011Z"}},{"id":"199e3313-fd6e-4ae5-89d3-88cb5360be08","slug":"san-francisco-pdd-sec-794","kind":"permit","headline":"San Francisco Public Works Code Sec. 794: autonomous delivery device permit program","summary":"San Francisco established, via Public Works Code Section 794 (Supervisor Norman Yee's 2017 ordinance, SF File No. 170599), a permit program regulating Autonomous Delivery Devices on city sidewalks for research-and-development testing. In addition to standard permitting and safety requirements, the ordinance requires PDDs to offer data-sharing capabilities and includes a public-hearing process for permit approval. The program limits autonomous robot testing and development to certain parts of the city and requires a human accompaniment able to take control, framed at the time as among the strictest sidewalk-robot regulations in the United States.","locationId":"2d4c4f92-048d-40ff-8952-eee55d6a3ca2","effectiveAt":"2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:05.841Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T05:06:12.923Z","location":{"id":"2d4c4f92-048d-40ff-8952-eee55d6a3ca2","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco-ca","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","region":null,"lat":37.7749,"lng":-122.4194,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T22:52:02.099Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:02:15.204Z"}},{"id":"12ae9233-4fea-4dd6-9791-3554d65af656","slug":"wisconsin-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Wisconsin personal delivery device law (2017 Wisconsin Act 13)","summary":"Wisconsin's personal-delivery-device statute (2017 Wisconsin Act 13; PDD provisions in Wis. Stat. 340.01 and 346.31), authorizing sidewalk delivery robots with operating rules and weight/speed limits.","locationId":"977b5374-34d6-4ea6-b3b1-de69931acac7","effectiveAt":"2017-11-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Wisconsin PDD law","2017 Wisconsin Act 13","Wis. Stat. 340.01"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:26.352Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:26.352Z","location":{"id":"977b5374-34d6-4ea6-b3b1-de69931acac7","name":"Wisconsin","slug":"wisconsin","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":43.7844,"lng":-88.7879,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["WI"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:19.453Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:18.420Z"}},{"id":"500306a6-7c5a-4ddb-bee3-fe7a05127716","slug":"ohio-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Ohio personal delivery device law (Ohio Rev. Code 4511.513)","summary":"Ohio's personal-delivery-device statute (Ohio Rev. Code 4511.513, enacted via HB 49, 2017), authorizing sidewalk delivery robots with operating rules, weight/speed limits, and business-entity operator requirements.","locationId":"d126605a-1dcb-49d1-ae70-b54e02f5c72b","effectiveAt":"2017-09-29T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Ohio PDD law","Ohio Rev. Code 4511.513"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:27.130Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:27.130Z","location":{"id":"d126605a-1dcb-49d1-ae70-b54e02f5c72b","name":"Ohio","slug":"ohio","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":40.4173,"lng":-82.9071,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["OH"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T05:24:49.952Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:45.067Z"}},{"id":"38fd9166-1378-4393-883a-8fb2b94695d9","slug":"texas-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Texas autonomous motor vehicle law (SB 2205)","summary":"Texas Senate Bill 2205 (85th Legislature, effective Sept 1, 2017) amended the Transportation Code to authorize the operation of automated motor vehicles, including driverless commercial trucks, on Texas roads without a human operator, provided the vehicle meets specified requirements. It is the state enabling law under which Aurora, Kodiak, and others run driverless commercial freight in Texas.","locationId":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","effectiveAt":"2017-09-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Texas SB 2205","SB 2205","Texas automated motor vehicle law"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:41:10.696Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:32.608Z","location":{"id":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","name":"Texas","slug":"texas","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":31.9686,"lng":-99.9018,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["TX"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:22.644Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:42.716Z"}},{"id":"5090aa99-20ab-40b4-adbf-843b2dbc9c34","slug":"singapore-av-rules","kind":"other","headline":"Singapore autonomous-motor-vehicle rules (Road Traffic Act)","summary":"Singapore's Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (amended December 2022), made under the Road Traffic Act 1961 and administered by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). The rules provide an opt-in trial and operational authorization requiring a qualified safety driver, a CETRAN safety assessment, mandatory third-party insurance, and a data recorder (black box); provisional national AV standards sit in Technical Reference TR 68.","locationId":"3b8b2f9d-c356-4c3f-9301-8ceab137148d","effectiveAt":"2017-08-23T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Singapore autonomous vehicle rules","Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017","LTA autonomous vehicle framework"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:10.172Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:10.172Z","location":{"id":"3b8b2f9d-c356-4c3f-9301-8ceab137148d","name":"Singapore","slug":"singapore","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":1.3521,"lng":103.8198,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:59.173Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:38.124Z"}},{"id":"9b3d1c83-7097-4b88-9bd1-47609ac63995","slug":"washington-biometric-privacy","kind":"data_protection","headline":"Washington biometric privacy law (RCW 19.375; HB 1493)","summary":"Washington's biometric-privacy law (RCW 19.375, enacted by HB 1493, 2017) bars enrolling a biometric identifier (data from automatic measurements of biological characteristics - voiceprints, fingerprints, retinas, irises, and other unique physical patterns) in a database for a commercial purpose without notice and consent. Enforced by the Attorney General via the Consumer Protection Act (RCW 19.375.030); no private right of action. Robot-operation nexus: humanoid robots with perception systems enrolling biometric identifiers fall within its scope. Scoped formFactors=['humanoid'].","locationId":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","effectiveAt":"2017-07-23T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["humanoid"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Washington biometric privacy law","RCW 19.375","HB 1493"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:08:10.876Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:08:10.876Z","location":{"id":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","name":"Washington State","slug":"washington-state","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["State of Washington","WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.097Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:18.805Z"}},{"id":"2b7e0090-5c52-4d6f-8818-fd7f0126a506","slug":"sweden-av-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Sweden autonomous-vehicle trial framework (Forordning 2017:309; TSFS 2021:4)","summary":"Sweden's framework for autonomous-vehicle operation, administered by Transportstyrelsen (the Swedish Transport Agency): Ordinance (Forordning) 2017:309 on trials with automated vehicles (in force 1 July 2017), with detailed permit requirements in Transportstyrelsen regulation TSFS 2021:4. Operation requires a Transportstyrelsen permit; a physical driver may be inside or outside the vehicle. This is the framework under which Einride operates its autonomous electric trucks and Pods in Sweden. (formFactors=['truck'] for current registry state - Einride trucks/Pods; the framework itself covers automated vehicles broadly.)","locationId":"f7c95eaa-e042-4932-b6f4-6aa85db63b9e","effectiveAt":"2017-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Sweden AV framework","Forordning 2017:309","TSFS 2021:4","Transportstyrelsen automated vehicles"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:55.168Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:55.168Z","location":{"id":"f7c95eaa-e042-4932-b6f4-6aa85db63b9e","name":"Sweden","slug":"sweden","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":60.1282,"lng":18.6435,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["SE"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T05:24:50.971Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:38.278Z"}},{"id":"7275afd3-5f44-4233-87ae-0f64904cd838","slug":"idaho-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Idaho personal delivery device law (Idaho Code 40-2305)","summary":"Idaho's personal-delivery-device statute (Idaho Code 40-2305), authorizing sidewalk delivery robots; later amended (the device weight limit was raised by subsequent bills). EDITORIAL NOTE: the exact original enactment year is reported inconsistently across sources (approximated 2017); the codified home (40-2305) is solid.","locationId":"0e07e977-7779-48bc-900c-9bced60d5081","effectiveAt":"2017-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Idaho PDD law","Idaho Code 40-2305"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:27.902Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:27.902Z","location":{"id":"0e07e977-7779-48bc-900c-9bced60d5081","name":"Idaho","slug":"idaho","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["ID"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:20.306Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:15.320Z"}},{"id":"1ea57a07-6c89-4607-8efd-a1caef5b3e62","slug":"virginia-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Virginia personal delivery device law (Va. Code 46.2-908.1:1)","summary":"Virginia's personal-delivery-device (sidewalk delivery robot) statute (Va. Code 46.2-908.1:1, 2017) - among the first US state PDD laws, setting where PDDs may operate (sidewalks/crosswalks), weight/speed limits, and operator/agent requirements.","locationId":"a0d3f9da-875c-4c6e-bdca-3be94155e191","effectiveAt":"2017-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Virginia PDD law","Va. Code 46.2-908.1:1"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:25.426Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:25.426Z","location":{"id":"a0d3f9da-875c-4c6e-bdca-3be94155e191","name":"Virginia","slug":"virginia","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":37.4316,"lng":-78.6569,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["VA"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:19.066Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:16.878Z"}},{"id":"8a22fe49-14a9-42b0-a1da-774c6ce3be45","slug":"florida-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Florida personal delivery device law (Fla. Stat. 316.2071)","summary":"Florida's personal-delivery-device statute (Fla. Stat. 316.2071, ch. 2017-150, 2017), authorizing sidewalk delivery robots with operating rules and weight/speed limits. Distinct from Florida's separate drone-surveillance statute (934.50) and autonomous-vehicle law (316.85).","locationId":"3439b3dc-67be-47a1-abe2-97bbbc19c95e","effectiveAt":"2017-06-26T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Florida PDD law","Fla. Stat. 316.2071"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:30.336Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:30.336Z","location":{"id":"3439b3dc-67be-47a1-abe2-97bbbc19c95e","name":"Florida","slug":"florida","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":27.6648,"lng":-81.5158,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["FL"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:24.813Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:16.102Z"}},{"id":"90584936-b699-44a7-adfd-a41387230b06","slug":"utah-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Utah personal delivery device law (Utah Code 41-6a-1119)","summary":"Utah's personal-delivery-device statute (Utah Code 41-6a-1119). First enacted around 2017 and substantially reworked by HB 277 (2020), which is the current operative form; authorizes sidewalk delivery robots with operating rules and weight/speed limits.","locationId":"d4c6c7ee-123a-4e8a-b272-47962ebad057","effectiveAt":"2017-05-09T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Utah PDD law","Utah Code 41-6a-1119","HB 277"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:31.108Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:31.108Z","location":{"id":"d4c6c7ee-123a-4e8a-b272-47962ebad057","name":"Utah","slug":"utah","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":39.321,"lng":-111.0937,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["UT"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:20.687Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:17.642Z"}},{"id":"e1802082-9327-483f-b0f3-7f79a191bc63","slug":"iec-60335-2-107-2017","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"IEC 60335-2-107:2017 - Safety of robotic battery-powered electrical lawnmowers","summary":"The international product-safety standard (with amendment A2:2021) for robotic battery-powered lawn mowers, covering battery, mechanical, and operational hazards of autonomous mowers. Adopted in North America as ANSI/OPEI 60335-2-107. It is the standard the Husqvarna Automower fire recall implicates.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2017-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:53.180Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:33:53.180Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"760df04f-1c65-4eb6-b420-61ab9701ab8f","slug":"faa-part-107","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"FAA Part 107 Small UAS rule (United States)","summary":"The US Federal Aviation Administration's 14 CFR Part 107, the operating-rules framework for small unmanned aircraft systems (under 55 lb) flown commercially in US airspace. Effective Aug 29, 2016, it sets the Remote Pilot Certificate, operating limits (daylight/civil-twilight, visual-line-of-sight, 400 ft AGL, one-pilot-one-aircraft), and waiver pathways. Amended Apr 21, 2021 by the Remote ID rule and the Operations Over People / night-operations final rules. Beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) operations are governed by waiver and by the proposed Part 108 framework (NPRM published Aug 7, 2025).","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2016-08-29T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Part 107","14 CFR Part 107","FAA Small UAS Rule","sUAS rule"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T03:14:27.401Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:32.761Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"630bcf9e-02d0-4e98-b584-74e0d681e3b8","slug":"uk-caa-drone-framework","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"UK CAA drone (UAS) regulatory framework","summary":"The United Kingdom's drone (UAS) regulatory framework, administered by the Civil Aviation Authority: the Air Navigation Order 2016 plus the retained UK versions of EU Regulations 2019/947 (UAS Implementing Regulation) and 2019/945 (UAS Delegated Regulation), under the Basic Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 and the Civil Aviation Act 1982. It sets the Open, Specific, and Certified operating categories; beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) operation falls in the Specific category requiring Operational Authorisation, with the CAA's BVLOS programme targeting routine BVLOS by 2027 (the framework under which Wing operates in the UK).","locationId":"84e0a0ff-62f3-4522-b9c6-30c1ed454ad2","effectiveAt":"2016-08-25T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["UK CAA drone rules","Air Navigation Order 2016","retained UK Regulation 2019/947"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:52.240Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:17:52.240Z","location":{"id":"84e0a0ff-62f3-4522-b9c6-30c1ed454ad2","name":"United Kingdom","slug":"united-kingdom","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":55.3781,"lng":-3.436,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["UK","Britain","Great Britain"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:22.268Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.891Z"}},{"id":"eb66f384-0fe4-4350-bc1e-736599114b01","slug":"australia-av-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Australia automated-vehicle framework (NTC reform; SA Trials Act 2016)","summary":"Australia's automated-vehicle regulatory framework, led nationally by the National Transport Commission (NTC) through its Automated Vehicle Program (model legislation and an Automated Driving System Entity safety-assurance framework; policy paper February 2022), and at state level by South Australia's Motor Vehicles (Trials of Automotive Technologies) Amendment Act 2016, which made South Australia the first Australian jurisdiction to allow on-road driverless trials (in force 31 March 2016). The national commercial-deployment framework is a multi-year reform program; the SA Act is the binding first-mover instrument. Covers passenger and freight vehicles.","locationId":"0001cb7c-b5db-4b49-8051-916c482254c7","effectiveAt":"2016-03-31T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Australia autonomous vehicle regulation","NTC automated vehicle program","South Australia Trials of Automotive Technologies Act 2016"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:09.179Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:09.179Z","location":{"id":"0001cb7c-b5db-4b49-8051-916c482254c7","name":"Australia","slug":"australia","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":-25.2744,"lng":133.7751,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["AU"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:21.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.969Z"}},{"id":"65c528de-7ea7-4e5b-b550-a2e2c4b7bcc2","slug":"iso-ts-15066-2016","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO/TS 15066:2016 - Robots and robotic devices - Collaborative robots","summary":"The technical specification defining safety requirements for collaborative industrial-robot operation, including power-and-force-limiting and the biomechanical pain/injury thresholds used to design human-robot shared workspaces. Now integrated into ISO 10218-2:2025 but widely referenced.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2016-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:51.004Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:51.004Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"30b0491c-c6e6-481f-a6b0-76af69477e5a","slug":"california-av-regulations","kind":"other","headline":"California autonomous vehicle regulations (DMV 13 CCR; CPUC passenger service)","summary":"California's two-regulator AV framework. The DMV regulates the vehicle under 13 CCR sections 227.00-228.20 (statutory base Vehicle Code 38750-38755), with three permit tiers: testing-with-driver, driverless testing (227.38), and deployment. The CPUC separately regulates paid passenger (robotaxi) service via its Drivered and Driverless Deployment programs, so a fare-charging robotaxi needs BOTH a DMV permit and CPUC authority; the CPUC approved driverless passenger fares (Waymo, Cruise) in San Francisco on Aug 10, 2023. HEAVY-TRUCK NUANCE: for about a decade the DMV regulations EXCLUDED vehicles with GVWR at or above 10,001 lbs (heavy trucks); a statutory ban (AB 316, 2023) requiring a human operator was vetoed by Governor Newsom; the DMV then adopted new regulations on Apr 28, 2026 that REMOVE the heavy-truck exclusion and authorize autonomous trucks and transit (with phased requirements, e.g. heavy-duty test-mile thresholds and weigh-station stops). So California applies to passenger AVs throughout, and to autonomous trucks as of the April 2026 rules. The framework's statutory base and implementing detail are tracked as separate registry entities: Cal. Veh. Code 38750 (statutory base) and the 13 CCR sections 227.02 (definitions), 227.04 (manufacturer's testing permit), 227.26 (vehicles excluded), 227.42 (driverless testing permit), 227.54 (collision reporting), 227.56 (disengagement reporting), 228.02 (deployment definitions), and 228.08 (deployment permit application).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2014-09-16T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["California AV regulations","13 CCR 227","CPUC AV passenger service","AB 316","California Vehicle Code 38750"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:15.215Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:44.693Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"cc111af0-ed00-4624-b02e-2b7b33c3e0a3","slug":"north-carolina-drone-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"North Carolina UAS law (N.C.G.S. 15A-300.1 + 63-95/63-96)","summary":"North Carolina's drone law, enacted 2014 via Session Law 2014-100, covering two dimensions across two code chapters: privacy/surveillance (N.C.G.S. 15A-300.1, restrictions on UAS surveillance with a civil cause of action) and operation (N.C.G.S. 63-95/63-96, requiring an FAA knowledge test and a state permit for government and non-recreational/commercial UAS operation). Modeled here as one comprehensive North Carolina drone-law entity covering both the operation and privacy dimensions.","locationId":"f320265d-5dbc-42aa-952f-74ef6d536583","effectiveAt":"2014-08-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["North Carolina drone law","N.C.G.S. 15A-300.1","N.C.G.S. 63-95","Session Law 2014-100"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:23.563Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:23.563Z","location":{"id":"f320265d-5dbc-42aa-952f-74ef6d536583","name":"North Carolina","slug":"north-carolina","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":35.7596,"lng":-79.0193,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["NC"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:18.065Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:19.190Z"}},{"id":"9f1be49b-a968-464e-83a6-4d3331abdcc1","slug":"iso-13482-2014","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO 13482:2014 - Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for personal care robots","summary":"The international safety standard for personal care and service robots: mobile servant robots, physical-assistant robots, and person-carrier robots (and some humanoid/assistive robots). Covers a category outside the industrial-robot standards.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":"2014-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:51.544Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:51.544Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"a4fc8a55-4454-4cc0-8241-bb809fe67741","slug":"illinois-drone-surveillance-act","kind":"data_protection","headline":"Illinois Freedom from Drone Surveillance Act (725 ILCS 167)","summary":"Illinois's drone statute (725 ILCS 167, effective Jan 1, 2014; P.A. 98-569). Narrower than Florida or Texas: it governs law-enforcement drone use only (warrant requirement, a 45-day retention limit, and evidence inadmissibility), and does not regulate private-party drones or general flight operation. (Illinois's biometric law, BIPA, is separate and handled under the humanoid/workplace-AI wave.)","locationId":"6b9d1cff-e645-412a-b866-bb81f5d987f5","effectiveAt":"2014-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Illinois Freedom from Drone Surveillance Act","725 ILCS 167"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:24.574Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:24.574Z","location":{"id":"6b9d1cff-e645-412a-b866-bb81f5d987f5","name":"Illinois","slug":"illinois","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":40.6331,"lng":-89.3985,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["IL"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:18.679Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:18.034Z"}},{"id":"d0345b8b-03cf-484f-ba59-fab51a6f6416","slug":"texas-drone-privacy-act","kind":"data_protection","headline":"Texas Privacy Act / drone image-capture law (Tex. Gov't Code Ch. 423)","summary":"Texas's drone law (Texas Government Code Chapter 423, 'Use of Unmanned Aircraft'), created by HB 912 (83rd Legislature, 2013) and amended in later sessions. It is primarily a privacy/image-capture statute (capturing images of individuals or private property with intent to surveil is restricted, with a lawful-use list and evidentiary suppression), with some critical-infrastructure flyover restrictions added in 2017. Distinct from Texas's separate autonomous-ground-vehicle law and sidewalk-PDD law.","locationId":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","effectiveAt":"2013-09-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Texas Privacy Act","Texas drone law","Tex. Gov't Code Ch. 423","HB 912"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:22.636Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:22.636Z","location":{"id":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","name":"Texas","slug":"texas","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":31.9686,"lng":-99.9018,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["TX"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:22.644Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:42.716Z"}},{"id":"b1cb495b-373a-4a35-80ae-bb6b56074e1c","slug":"florida-drone-surveillance-act","kind":"data_protection","headline":"Florida Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act (Fla. Stat. 934.50)","summary":"Florida's drone-privacy statute (Fla. Stat. 934.50), created 2013 and expanded 2015 and 2017 (and amended repeatedly since). Restricts both government (warrant requirement) and private-party drone surveillance of persons and real property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. A privacy/surveillance statute; it does not set general flight-operation rules (FAA preempts much of that).","locationId":"3439b3dc-67be-47a1-abe2-97bbbc19c95e","effectiveAt":"2013-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Florida drone privacy law","Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act","Fla. Stat. 934.50"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:21.151Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:21.151Z","location":{"id":"3439b3dc-67be-47a1-abe2-97bbbc19c95e","name":"Florida","slug":"florida","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":27.6648,"lng":-81.5158,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["FL"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:24.813Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:16.102Z"}},{"id":"5e1e85f7-c848-443f-8add-797be4db7f02","slug":"washington-dc-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Washington DC autonomous vehicle law (D.C. Code 50-2351 et seq.)","summary":"Washington DC's codified autonomous-vehicle statute: the Autonomous Vehicle Act of 2012 (effective Apr 23, 2013), codified at D.C. Code 50-2351 et seq. (Chapter 23A), amended by the Autonomous Vehicles Testing Program Amendment Act of 2020 (D.C. Law 23-156) and a 2024 testing-permit-requirement amendment. Unlike New York's annually-renewed testing rider, DC has a permanent codified chapter with SAE J3016 definitions. However it is testing-only and currently dormant: DDOT has not opened the driverless-permit application pathway, and as of late 2025 testing requires a human physically present. No commercial robotaxi service operates in DC. CAP-AND-FLAG: thin source coverage reflects the statute's low activity, not a sourcing gap.","locationId":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","effectiveAt":"2013-04-23T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Washington DC AV law","D.C. Code 50-2351","Autonomous Vehicle Act of 2012","D.C. Law 23-156"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:28.252Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:28.252Z","location":{"id":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","name":"Washington, D.C.","slug":"washington-dc","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"b3010acb-9292-4e72-9de8-43f3b2f9e09a","region":null,"lat":38.9072,"lng":-77.0369,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["District of Columbia","D.C."],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.258Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:35.607Z"}},{"id":"af7ede0f-866c-4f44-81ec-58c256ad08d1","slug":"ca-veh-code-38750","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"Cal. Veh. Code § 38750: Autonomous Vehicles","summary":"California's foundational autonomous-vehicle statute. Defines 'autonomous technology' and 'autonomous vehicle' (SAE Level 3-5) and requires a manufacturer to obtain DMV approval and meet safety-certification and $5 million insurance requirements before operating on public roads beyond testing. Current text amended by SB 480 (Stats. 2025, ch. 415), effective Jan 1, 2026. Part of California's broader autonomous-vehicle framework (see california-av-regulations, the comprehensive DMV plus CPUC entity).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":"2013-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Cal. Veh. Code § 38750","CVC 38750","Vehicle Code 38750"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T11:46:04.642Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T14:34:44.922Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":36.7783,"lng":-119.4179,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:34.835Z"}},{"id":"f54aa868-9a55-49d7-a002-7123187b3472","slug":"florida-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Florida autonomous vehicle law (Fla. Stat. 316.85; CS/HB 311 of 2019)","summary":"Florida's autonomous-vehicle framework, one of the most permissive in the US. It began with CS/HB 1207 (2012, ch. 2012-111) authorizing AV testing/operation by a licensed operator, was amended by a 2016 transportation omnibus (HB 7027), and was substantially expanded by CS/HB 311 (2019, ch. 2019-101): a fully autonomous vehicle may operate with NO human operator present and NO special state permit, with the automated driving system deemed the operator, plus on-demand-AV-network insurance rules and a legislative intent of statewide uniformity that preempts local AV bans. Codified at Fla. Stat. 316.85, 316.86, and 319.145, with definitions at 316.003(3). TRUCK SCOPE: the definitions are class-agnostic ('any vehicle equipped with an automated driving system'), with no weight cap or commercial-vehicle exclusion, and the 2016 amendment opened the door to truck platooning, so the law applies to both passenger AVs (robotaxis) AND autonomous trucks. Waymo launched public robotaxi service in Miami in January 2026 under this no-permit framework.","locationId":"3439b3dc-67be-47a1-abe2-97bbbc19c95e","effectiveAt":"2012-07-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Florida AV law","Fla. Stat. 316.85","CS/HB 311","CS/HB 1207"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:25.951Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:25.951Z","location":{"id":"3439b3dc-67be-47a1-abe2-97bbbc19c95e","name":"Florida","slug":"florida","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":27.6648,"lng":-81.5158,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["FL"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:49:24.813Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:16.102Z"}},{"id":"de9fad5d-3454-42bb-9c3a-104a9eee0a5e","slug":"ansi-ria-r15-06","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ANSI/RIA R15.06 - US industrial robot and robot-system safety (adoption of ISO 10218)","summary":"The US national safety standard for industrial robots and robot systems, the American adoption of ISO 10218-1 and -2. Being updated to align with the 2025 ISO 10218 revisions; the long-standing reference for US robot integrators.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"2012-01-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:52.637Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:52.637Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"e0c2aaa8-8323-43cb-b2c3-f5b60ce9c66f","slug":"nevada-av-law","kind":"other","headline":"Nevada autonomous vehicle law (AB 511; NRS Chapter 482A)","summary":"Nevada was the first US state to authorize autonomous vehicles: AB 511, signed June 16, 2011, codified as Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 482A (Autonomous Vehicles) with implementing rules at Nevada Administrative Code Chapter 482A. It authorizes testing and fully autonomous operation without a human driver under defined conditions (NRS 482A.200), for both passenger AVs and trucks (including driver-assistive truck platooning). The DMV is the registering authority; paid for-hire driverless passenger transport falls under the Nevada Transportation Authority. A 2025 bill (SB 395) proposed to require a human operator onboard commercial autonomous trucks and buses; track as a restriction-direction proposal.","locationId":"06c29acd-073c-47f8-91cd-82f02cdaff32","effectiveAt":"2011-06-16T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["av","truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Nevada AV law","AB 511","NRS 482A","first US AV law"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:16.918Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:43:03.757Z","location":{"id":"06c29acd-073c-47f8-91cd-82f02cdaff32","name":"Nevada","slug":"nevada","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":38.8026,"lng":-116.4194,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["NV"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T12:37:12.270Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:16.492Z"}},{"id":"917c9860-eea5-41ab-b458-670cea73d2a6","slug":"texas-cubi","kind":"data_protection","headline":"Texas Capture or Use of Biometric Identifier Act (CUBI, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 503.001)","summary":"Texas's Capture or Use of Biometric Identifier Act (Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 503.001, 2009) requires notice and consent before capturing a biometric identifier (retina/iris, fingerprint, voiceprint, hand/face geometry) for a commercial purpose. Enforced by the Texas Attorney General (no private right of action), with civil penalties up to $25,000 per violation. Robot-operation nexus: humanoid robots with cameras/perception capturing biometric identifiers in commercial settings fall within its scope. Scoped formFactors=['humanoid'].","locationId":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","effectiveAt":"2009-09-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["humanoid"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Texas CUBI","Capture or Use of Biometric Identifier Act","Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 503.001"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:08:09.961Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:08:09.961Z","location":{"id":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","name":"Texas","slug":"texas","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":31.9686,"lng":-99.9018,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["TX"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:22.644Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:42.716Z"}},{"id":"82cb5f3c-83a3-49ba-9c7a-119a398eedc1","slug":"illinois-bipa","kind":"data_protection","headline":"Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA, 740 ILCS 14)","summary":"Illinois's Biometric Information Privacy Act (740 ILCS 14, 2008) governs the collection and use of biometric identifiers (retina/iris scans, fingerprints, voiceprints, and scans of hand or face geometry) by private entities, requiring notice and written consent. It is the most-litigated US biometric statute because of its PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION (Sec. 20). Robot-operation nexus: humanoid robots with cameras and perception systems that capture face geometry or voiceprints in workplaces or public spaces fall within its scope. (Scoped formFactors=['humanoid'] for current registry state; biometric capture is the humanoid-perception nexus.)","locationId":"6b9d1cff-e645-412a-b866-bb81f5d987f5","effectiveAt":"2008-10-03T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["humanoid"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Illinois BIPA","Biometric Information Privacy Act","740 ILCS 14"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:08:08.442Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T13:08:08.442Z","location":{"id":"6b9d1cff-e645-412a-b866-bb81f5d987f5","name":"Illinois","slug":"illinois","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":40.6331,"lng":-89.3985,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["IL"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T13:01:18.679Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:18.034Z"}},{"id":"5d77cbee-e267-4aa2-b431-c4c5dfad5a89","slug":"australia-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Australia drone framework (CASR Part 101)","summary":"Australia's framework for unmanned aircraft, administered by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) under Part 101 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (introduced December 2001). It covers an excluded category for sub-2 kg commercial operations (effective September 2016), ReOC and RePL licensing, standard operating conditions, and beyond-visual-line-of-sight safety-case approvals. Australia was Wing's (Alphabet) first commercial drone-delivery market, with a world-first large-scale approval in Canberra (Gungahlin) in April 2019 and a Logan, Queensland expansion in 2021.","locationId":"0001cb7c-b5db-4b49-8051-916c482254c7","effectiveAt":"2001-12-01T12:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Australia drone regulation","CASR Part 101","CASA RPAS rules"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:08.032Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:08.032Z","location":{"id":"0001cb7c-b5db-4b49-8051-916c482254c7","name":"Australia","slug":"australia","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":-25.2744,"lng":133.7751,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["AU"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:22:21.509Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:37.969Z"}},{"id":"8ac49d66-f198-4bc7-9286-781bf6296b81","slug":"osha-robotics-safety","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"OSHA workplace-robotics safety framework (United States)","summary":"The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration governs robot and humanoid safety in workplaces, even though no robot-specific OSHA standard exists. Coverage runs primarily through the OSH Act General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1), which requires employers to provide a workplace free from recognized hazards; the OSHA Technical Manual (Section IV, Chapter 4, Industrial Robots and Robot System Safety); applicable 29 CFR Part 1910 general-industry standards; and OSHA's recognition of the ANSI/RIA R15.06 consensus standard for industrial robot and robot-system safety as the industry benchmark. NIOSH conducts the supporting workplace-robotics safety research.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":"1970-12-29T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["humanoid"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["OSHA General Duty Clause robotics","ANSI/RIA R15.06","OSHA Industrial Robots OTM","Section 5(a)(1)"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:35.747Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:58:38.000Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"acb17e62-ca3a-45ab-a77c-ad51fdb054a4","slug":"iso-25785-1-humanoid-draft","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"ISO 25785-1 (in development) - Safety for humanoid robots","summary":"The first dedicated international safety standard for humanoid robots, under development within ISO/TC 299 and still a working draft as of 2026 (publication expected 2026-2027). Its absence is why humanoid deployment is currently running ahead of humanoid-specific safety governance.","locationId":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","formFactors":[],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:53.571Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-24T03:17:53.571Z","location":{"id":"6753d6b9-d63f-41f8-b672-4d80bdb4dd82","name":"Global","slug":"global","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.017Z"}},{"id":"4da2eb8b-5140-4351-b882-572e2e5cbacb","slug":"pennsylvania-pdd-act-106-2020","kind":"permit","headline":"Pennsylvania Act 106 of 2020: Personal Delivery Devices","summary":"Added Personal Delivery Devices to the Pennsylvania Vehicle Code (75 Pa.C.S. 8511 et seq.), classifying PDDs as pedestrians and requiring a per-operator authorization from PennDOT (operational plan, liability insurance, education and accident plans; one-year term). Enacted 2020 - unlike most PDD states, PA operates an actual per-operator authorization regime.","locationId":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["sidewalk"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Act 106","PA PDD law"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-05T20:06:53.966Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-05T20:06:53.966Z","location":{"id":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","name":"Pennsylvania","slug":"pennsylvania","kind":"state","parentLocationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","region":null,"lat":41.2033,"lng":-77.1945,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","PA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.778Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:01:17.260Z"}},{"id":"7a43cbb7-0602-4a60-98b4-618e3bfcc9ab","slug":"faa-part-108-bvlos-rule","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"FAA Part 108: Normalizing UAS Beyond-Visual-Line-of-Sight Operations","summary":"The FAA's dedicated BVLOS rule for unmanned aircraft. NPRM released 2025-08-07 (Docket FAA-2025-1908); comment period reopened January 2026; not finalized as of mid-2026. Will normalize routine BVLOS drone operations (delivery, infrastructure inspection) without case-by-case waivers.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Part 108","BVLOS rule"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-05T20:06:53.654Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-05T20:06:53.654Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"69a09bf6-2000-43b4-9897-f0d285aa0835","slug":"singapore-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Singapore unmanned-aircraft framework (CAAS)","summary":"Singapore's framework for unmanned aircraft, administered by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS), including registration of unmanned aircraft above 250 g and reference materials supporting beneficial commercial use and air-taxi development. Thin English-language primary coverage and no confidently sourced commencement date (cap-flagged; no status event asserted).","locationId":"3b8b2f9d-c356-4c3f-9301-8ceab137148d","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Singapore drone regulation","CAAS unmanned aircraft framework"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:11.233Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:11.233Z","location":{"id":"3b8b2f9d-c356-4c3f-9301-8ceab137148d","name":"Singapore","slug":"singapore","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":1.3521,"lng":103.8198,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:59.173Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-02T22:50:38.124Z"}},{"id":"72a4b40d-440c-43b2-9b81-16dd59ba3ce3","slug":"saudi-drone-framework","kind":"other","headline":"Saudi Arabia unmanned-aircraft framework (GACAR Part 107)","summary":"Saudi Arabia's framework for unmanned aircraft systems, administered by the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) via GACAR Part 107 (Operation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems) and Advisory Circular AC 107-01 for advanced and beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations. It distinguishes open from specific categories, with Remote ID (C6 class) and formal authorization required for BVLOS, night, or over-people operations. Precise commencement date not confidently sourced (no status event asserted).","locationId":"6db9d267-b288-452b-996e-616de9810eba","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Saudi drone regulation","GACAR Part 107","GACA unmanned aircraft framework"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:04.281Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:03:04.281Z","location":{"id":"6db9d267-b288-452b-996e-616de9810eba","name":"Saudi Arabia","slug":"saudi-arabia","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["KSA","Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:57.271Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T15:02:57.271Z"}},{"id":"99eeb19f-2b0c-4ace-9a16-77b3542a8a5d","slug":"fmcsa-cmv-framework","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"FMCSA commercial motor vehicle safety framework (United States)","summary":"The US Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's safety framework for commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), which governs interstate freight trucking. The existing Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations apply to autonomous trucks; FMCSA's Safe Integration of ADS-Equipped CMVs rulemaking (SNPRM published Feb 1, 2023) is developing how Level 4/5 driving systems, inspection, and remote-assistance requirements integrate into that framework.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["truck"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["FMCSA","FMCSR","ADS-equipped CMV rule","Safe Integration of ADS-Equipped CMVs"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T04:40:13.626Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:32.688Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}},{"id":"80543d85-6cff-4a72-ad71-ea7e58012665","slug":"faa-part-135","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"FAA Part 135 air-carrier certification (United States)","summary":"The US FAA's 14 CFR Part 135 operating requirements for commuter and on-demand air carriers. Drone-delivery operators obtain Part 135 air-carrier certification to fly commercial beyond-visual-line-of-sight delivery routes; Zipline received Part 135 certification in 2022. Part 135 certification is distinct from the specific FAA BVLOS exemptions that later removed visual observers on particular routes.","locationId":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","formFactors":["aerial"],"jurisdiction":null,"complianceDeadline":null,"enforcementEvents":null,"aliases":["Part 135","14 CFR Part 135","FAA air-carrier certification"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-31T03:32:02.081Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-31T12:35:32.840Z","location":{"id":"aa8b9c05-c836-4021-801f-59801970401e","name":"United States","slug":"united-states","kind":"country","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":37.0902,"lng":-95.7129,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["USA","US","United States of America"],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-30T22:00:33.148Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-04T13:32:31.997Z"}}]}