{"regulations":[{"id":"c1bc95e4-4ac5-4c43-be10-faeb8fe9f2c4","slug":"pennsylvania-pdd-sb1199","kind":"registration","headline":"Pennsylvania SB 1199 — Personal Delivery Devices classified as pedestrians","summary":"Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1199 amended Title 75 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes to define a Personal Delivery Device (PDD) and classify it as a pedestrian rather than a vehicle. The law permits PDDs in pedestrian areas and on roadway shoulders, caps speed at 12 mph in pedestrian areas and 25 mph on shoulders, limits weight to under 550 pounds without cargo, and establishes a two-phase operation model (an initial 180-day period requiring an operator within line of sight, transitioning to autonomous operation). Operators must obtain a PDD authorization from PennDOT, including an operational plan and proof of liability insurance. The law generally preempts local municipal regulation of PDDs.","locationId":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","effectiveAt":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:05.118Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:56.969Z","location":{"id":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","name":"Pennsylvania","slug":"pennsylvania","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","PA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.778Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T01:22:31.188Z"}},{"id":"d11083c6-da86-43dd-b1cf-79b6d07f72fe","slug":"kirkland-wa-pdd-moratorium-o4779","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Kirkland, WA Ordinance O-4779 — emergency moratorium on Personal Delivery Devices","summary":"Kirkland, Washington Ordinance No. O-4779 (2022) established a six-month emergency moratorium on the acceptance of applications for, review of, or issuance of permits related to the use or storage of autonomous personal delivery devices (referred to as APDDs or 'hives'), and set a public-hearing date under applicable Washington state code provisions. It represents a municipal restriction adopted while a local regulatory framework was developed.","locationId":"335beda7-c0c5-4d40-bde4-3879e2ccb7e2","effectiveAt":"2022-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.943Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:50.877Z","location":{"id":"335beda7-c0c5-4d40-bde4-3879e2ccb7e2","name":"Kirkland","slug":"kirkland-wa","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Kirkland, WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.417Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:16.950Z"}},{"id":"83c04793-859e-4c05-ab58-b927e7edb4a4","slug":"washington-state-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Washington State Personal Delivery Device regulations","summary":"Washington State permits Personal Delivery Devices to operate in pedestrian areas, treating them with pedestrian right-of-way, subject to operational requirements: a 6 mph speed limit, a required braking system, the ability for a human operator to remotely override and pilot the device, visible lights for evening operation, and a prohibition on carrying hazardous materials. Operators must renew an annual self-certification and license through the Washington Department of Licensing.","locationId":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","effectiveAt":"2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.317Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:53.477Z","location":{"id":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","name":"Washington State","slug":"washington-state","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["State of Washington","WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.097Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T01:22:30.891Z"}},{"id":"ddd166b8-a137-4c43-a9a7-83694e5e7633","slug":"dc-pdd-pilot-law-22-137","kind":"permit","headline":"Washington, D.C. Law 22-137 — Personal Delivery Device pilot program","summary":"District of Columbia Law 22-137 establishes the requirements for a Personal Delivery Device pilot program, including reporting and permitting processes. It is cited as a model framework for required data sharing between PDD operators and local government agencies.","locationId":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","effectiveAt":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:52.184Z","location":{"id":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","name":"Washington, D.C.","slug":"washington-dc","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["District of Columbia","D.C."],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.258Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:18.145Z"}},{"id":"199e3313-fd6e-4ae5-89d3-88cb5360be08","slug":"san-francisco-pdd-sec-794","kind":"permit","headline":"San Francisco Municipal Code Sec. 794 — delivery robot permit program","summary":"San Francisco established a permit program regulating Personal Delivery Devices on city sidewalks, originating in legislation introduced by Supervisor Norman Yee. In addition to standard permitting and safety requirements, the ordinance requires PDDs to offer data-sharing capabilities and includes a public-hearing process for permit approval. The program limits autonomous robot testing and development to certain parts of the city and requires a human accompaniment able to take control, framed at the time as among the strictest sidewalk-robot regulations in the United States.","locationId":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","effectiveAt":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:05.841Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:55.397Z","location":{"id":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fe8ffab9-4da4-4652-b671-c3bfd98cafd2","lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["San Francisco, CA","SF"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.936Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-27T14:58:37.618Z"}},{"id":"0bada398-31f9-4800-824a-02c258fb8e32","slug":"ca-cruise-driverless-permit-suspension-2023","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"California suspends Cruise's driverless robotaxi permits after pedestrian-dragging incident","summary":"Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident, the California DMV suspended Cruise's permits to operate driverless vehicles, citing the company's failure to share footage of the dragging and determining the vehicles were not safe for public operation. The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) separately suspended Cruise's driverless testing permit roughly three weeks after the incident. Cruise pulled all driverless vehicles off public roads nationwide in response. The suspensions effectively ended Cruise's driverless commercial robotaxi operations in California.","locationId":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:53:12.350Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:40.525Z","location":{"id":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fe8ffab9-4da4-4652-b671-c3bfd98cafd2","lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["San Francisco, CA","SF"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.936Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-27T14:58:37.618Z"}}]}