{"id":"752b5aea-3034-4b7b-ae1b-9ed85c68956a","modelId":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","versionId":null,"locationId":"360f0034-a348-409b-b804-fdbf8b23794b","operatorId":null,"ownerId":null,"slug":"cruise-houston","status":"ended","firstSeen":null,"statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":"not_converted","endedAt":"2023-10-26T00:00:00.000Z","unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":null,"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":null,"siteType":null,"operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"sourceQualityTier":null,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/12/cruise-opens-robotaxi-service-in-houston/","label":"Cruise opens robotaxi service in Houston","title":"Cruise opens robotaxi service in Houston","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2023-10-12"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/26/cruise-pauses-all-driverless-robotaxi-operations-to-rebuild-public-trust/","label":"Cruise pauses all driverless robotaxi operations","title":"Cruise pauses all driverless robotaxi operations","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch","publishedAt":"2023-10-26"}],"notes":"Cruise opened paid driverless robotaxi service in Houston on October 12, 2023, covering roughly 11 square miles nightly. It was shut down 14 days later in the October 26, 2023 nationwide pause and never resumed. The pilot did not convert.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":null,"scaleTier":null,"contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-07-09T20:00:33.767Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-09T23:29:58.911Z","model":{"id":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","companyId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","modelName":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt)","slug":"cruise-av","description":"Cruise's driverless robotaxi, based on the Chevrolet Bolt EV, which operated without a human safety driver in San Francisco commercial service from 2023 until driverless operations ended after the October 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident. (Cruise also developed the purpose-built, steering-wheel-free Origin, which was shelved.) In December 2024 GM defunded the Cruise robotaxi business, consolidated the unit in-house, and redirected the autonomous technology toward personal-vehicle advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) rather than robotaxis (GM SEC 8-K, December 2024). Classified research to reflect that current direction; the commercial-era San Francisco deployment records preserve the historical service state.","formFactor":"av","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"discontinued","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"autonomy_level":"driverless (no human safety driver)"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","title":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise robotaxi development, folds unit in-house (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","title":"General Motors (SEC 8-K exhibit) - realigning autonomous strategy; ending Cruise robotaxi development (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Base vehicle","value":"Chevrolet Bolt EV"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"driverless (no human safety driver)"},{"label":"Operating location","value":"San Francisco"},{"label":"Service period","value":"2023 until October 2, 2023"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:37.573Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-28T18:11:37.119Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null,"company":{"id":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","name":"Cruise","slug":"cruise","description":"Autonomous vehicle company founded 2013, acquired by General Motors in 2016; operated as a largely autonomous GM subsidiary building driverless robotaxis. Launched driverless (no safety driver) taxi service in San Francisco (first driverless ride Nov 2021; open to public Feb 2022). Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident and subsequent regulatory fallout, suspended all operations Oct 2023; CEO/co-founder Kyle Vogt resigned Nov 2023. Began returning vehicles to public roads (with human safety drivers) May 2024. In December 2024, GM stopped funding Cruise's robotaxi business, folding the autonomous-driving work into driver-assistance systems for personal GM vehicles. The driverless-robotaxi business is effectively ended.","status":"GM subsidiary (robotaxi ops wound down Dec 2024)","founded":2013,"hq":"San Francisco, California, USA","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","title":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","title":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.chinatalk.media/p/ponyais-robotaxis-and-the-long-road","label":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","title":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"ChinaTalk","publishedAt":"2025-01-03"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","label":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","title":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K, Dec 10 2024)","publishedAt":"2024-12-10"},{"url":"https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2018/c181003eng.html","label":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","title":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Honda (global.honda newsroom)","publishedAt":"2018-10-03"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/24/cpuc-pulls-cruise-robotaxi-permit-after-dmv-suspension/","title":"CPUC pulls Cruise's robotaxi permit after DMV suspension (Oct 24, 2023)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llc-suspension/","title":"California DMV statement on the Cruise LLC permit suspension (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"California DMV (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits the robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise development (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://calmatters.org/economy/2023/10/driverless-cars-cruise-dmv/","title":"Two state agencies ground Cruise driverless cars for public safety (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"CalMatters"},{"url":"https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/general-motors-shuts-cruise-robotaxi-unit-mary-barra/735205/","title":"GM shuts its Cruise robotaxi unit (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"Smart Cities Dive"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Status","value":"Robotaxi service ENDED, GM defunded Dec 2024"},{"label":"Owner","value":"General Motors (with prior Honda investment)"},{"label":"Investment history","value":"Honda committed $2.75B; GM invested billions before defunding"},{"label":"Defining event","value":"SF pedestrian-dragging, Oct 2, 2023"},{"label":"Regulatory outcome","value":"CA DMV/CPUC permit suspension; nationwide driverless halt"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Cruise AV (Chevy Bolt), reached commercial maturity"},{"label":"GM defunding (Dec 2024)","value":"On Dec 10, 2024 GM announced it will no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development, combining Cruise LLC and GM technical teams into a single autonomous/assisted-driving effort (Super Cruise)"},{"label":"GM restructuring savings","value":"GM expects to lower spending by more than US$1B annually after the Cruise restructuring (per Dec 10, 2024 release)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:56:52.861Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-25T00:03:44.334Z"}},"version":null,"location":{"id":"360f0034-a348-409b-b804-fdbf8b23794b","name":"Houston","slug":"houston","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"45f67762-10f4-4255-be84-45c73efe25f9","region":null,"lat":29.7604,"lng":-95.3698,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Houston, TX"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T23:06:45.286Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:02:47.636Z"},"operator":null,"owner":null,"derived":{"trustTier":"unverified","currentPosture":null},"jsonLd":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Event","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/deployments/cruise-houston","url":"https://registry.deploy.report/deployments/cruise-houston","name":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt) at Houston","identifier":"752b5aea-3034-4b7b-ae1b-9ed85c68956a","location":{"@type":"Place","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/locations/houston","name":"Houston"},"organizer":{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/companies/cruise","name":"Cruise"},"about":{"@type":"Product","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/models/cruise-av","name":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt)"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://deploy.report/#organization"}},"framework_metadata":{"framework_schema_version":"0.1.0","verification_status":"verified","maturity_stage":"commercial","lifecycle_state":"discontinued","architectural_position":{"cohort":"av","sub_cohorts":[]},"within_cohort_verified_vs_claimed_pair":null,"cap_flags":[],"verification_depth":{"sources_count":2,"primary_source_types":["secondary-industry-publication"]}}}