{"id":"8cc5494e-c5c6-401a-b67f-b5fd7338e8af","modelId":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","versionId":null,"locationId":"2d4c4f92-048d-40ff-8952-eee55d6a3ca2","operatorId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","ownerId":null,"slug":"cruise-sf","status":"ended","firstSeen":"2021-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","statusChangeReason":null,"contractType":null,"pilotOutcome":"not_converted","endedAt":"2023-10-24T00:00:00.000Z","unitsOnSite":null,"tasksPerformed":null,"shiftStructure":null,"hoursPerDay":null,"siteType":null,"operatorConfirmed":null,"humanSupervisionOnsite":null,"locationPrecisionTier":null,"deploymentScale":null,"siteEnvironment":null,"operatorType":"maker_operated","sourceQualityTier":null,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — Sept 2021 CA DMV driverless permit, Nov 2021 first ride, Feb 2022 public, Oct 2023 suspension","title":"Cruise — Sept 2021 CA DMV driverless permit, Nov 2021 first ride, Feb 2022 public, Oct 2023 suspension","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — DMV suspended permits; Cruise pulled cars nationwide","title":"CBS — DMV suspended permits; Cruise pulled cars nationwide","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/cruise-gets-green-light-for-commercial-robotaxis-in-san-francisco.html","title":"Cruise gets first California driverless deployment permit (charge fares) in SF","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/06/24/cruises-driverless-autonomous-cars-start-giving-rides-to-paying-passengers/","title":"Cruise's driverless cars start giving rides to paying passengers in SF","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-permits-for-cruise-and-waymo-to-charge-fares-for-passenger-service-in-sf-2023","title":"CPUC approves Cruise + Waymo fared passenger service in SF (Aug 2023)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"California Public Utilities Commission"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/24/dmv-immediately-suspends-cruises-robotaxi-permit-in-california/","title":"California DMV immediately suspends Cruise's robotaxi permit (Oct 2023 pedestrian-dragging)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/cruise-llc-driverless-robotaxis-california-dmv-suspends-permits/","title":"California DMV suspends permits for Cruise driverless robotaxis","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS San Francisco"},{"url":"https://news.gm.com/home.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2024/dec/1210-gm.html","title":"GM to refocus autonomous driving on personal vehicles (Cruise robotaxi wind-down, Dec 2024)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"GM Newsroom (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits robotaxi market, brings Cruise operations in house","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llc-suspension/","label":"DMV statement on Cruise LLC suspension","title":"DMV statement on Cruise LLC suspension","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"California DMV","publishedAt":"2023-10-24"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2024/12/10/general-motors-stop-funding-cruise-robotaxi-business/","label":"GM to stop funding its Cruise robotaxi business","title":"GM to stop funding its Cruise robotaxi business","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Fortune","publishedAt":"2024-12-10"}],"notes":"Cruise ran paid driverless robotaxi service in San Francisco, with 24/7 operations approved in August 2023. After the October 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident, the California DMV suspended Cruise's deployment and driverless testing permits effective October 24, 2023. Cruise paused nationwide and never resumed paid service; GM ended funding for the robotaxi business in December 2024. The pilot did not convert to a sustained commercial deployment.","keyFacts":[{"label":"Operator","value":"Cruise (GM subsidiary)"},{"label":"Fleet","value":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt) driverless vehicles"},{"label":"Coverage","value":"San Francisco"},{"label":"Start","value":"First driverless ride Nov 2021; open to public Feb 2022"},{"label":"Status","value":"Ended after Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident"},{"label":"Regulatory","value":"Operated under CPUC driverless deployment permit; CA DMV suspended driverless permits, CPUC suspended testing permit"},{"label":"Technology","value":"Driverless (no safety driver) commercial robotaxi service"}],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"deploymentMilesEstimate":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":"consumer","scaleTier":"undisclosed","contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:37.891Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T05:54:16.171Z","model":{"id":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","companyId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","modelName":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt)","slug":"cruise-av","description":"Cruise's driverless robotaxi, based on the Chevrolet Bolt EV, which operated without a human safety driver in San Francisco commercial service from 2023 until driverless operations ended after the October 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident. (Cruise also developed the purpose-built, steering-wheel-free Origin, which was shelved.) In December 2024 GM defunded the Cruise robotaxi business, consolidated the unit in-house, and redirected the autonomous technology toward personal-vehicle advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) rather than robotaxis (GM SEC 8-K, December 2024). Classified research to reflect that current direction; the commercial-era San Francisco deployment records preserve the historical service state.","formFactor":"av","maturityStage":"commercial","lifecycleState":"discontinued","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"autonomy_level":"driverless (no human safety driver)"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","title":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise robotaxi development, folds unit in-house (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","title":"General Motors (SEC 8-K exhibit) - realigning autonomous strategy; ending Cruise robotaxi development (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"keyFacts":[{"label":"Form factor","value":"av"},{"label":"Base vehicle","value":"Chevrolet Bolt EV"},{"label":"Autonomy level","value":"driverless (no human safety driver)"},{"label":"Operating location","value":"San Francisco"},{"label":"Service period","value":"2023 until October 2, 2023"}],"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:37.573Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-28T18:11:37.119Z","unitsInFieldClaimed":null,"unitsInFieldVerified":null,"unitsManufacturedClaimed":null,"unitsManufacturedVerified":null,"unitsAsOf":null,"unitsSource":null,"salesModel":null,"priceUndisclosedSince":null,"autonomyClass":null,"autonomyStatement":null,"autonomyStatementSource":null,"demoForensics":null,"exportControlClass":null,"minCommitment":null,"warrantyTerms":null,"serviceModel":null,"productionRateClaimed":null,"productionRateEvidenced":null,"teleopRatioDisclosed":null,"interventionRateDisclosed":null,"company":{"id":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","name":"Cruise","slug":"cruise","description":"Autonomous vehicle company founded 2013, acquired by General Motors in 2016; operated as a largely autonomous GM subsidiary building driverless robotaxis. Launched driverless (no safety driver) taxi service in San Francisco (first driverless ride Nov 2021; open to public Feb 2022). Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident and subsequent regulatory fallout, suspended all operations Oct 2023; CEO/co-founder Kyle Vogt resigned Nov 2023. Began returning vehicles to public roads (with human safety drivers) May 2024. In December 2024, GM stopped funding Cruise's robotaxi business, folding the autonomous-driving work into driver-assistance systems for personal GM vehicles. The driverless-robotaxi business is effectively ended.","status":"GM subsidiary (robotaxi ops wound down Dec 2024)","founded":2013,"hq":"San Francisco, California, USA","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","title":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","title":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.chinatalk.media/p/ponyais-robotaxis-and-the-long-road","label":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","title":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"ChinaTalk","publishedAt":"2025-01-03"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","label":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","title":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K, Dec 10 2024)","publishedAt":"2024-12-10"},{"url":"https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2018/c181003eng.html","label":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","title":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Honda (global.honda newsroom)","publishedAt":"2018-10-03"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/24/cpuc-pulls-cruise-robotaxi-permit-after-dmv-suspension/","title":"CPUC pulls Cruise's robotaxi permit after DMV suspension (Oct 24, 2023)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llc-suspension/","title":"California DMV statement on the Cruise LLC permit suspension (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"California DMV (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits the robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise development (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://calmatters.org/economy/2023/10/driverless-cars-cruise-dmv/","title":"Two state agencies ground Cruise driverless cars for public safety (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"CalMatters"},{"url":"https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/general-motors-shuts-cruise-robotaxi-unit-mary-barra/735205/","title":"GM shuts its Cruise robotaxi unit (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"Smart Cities Dive"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Status","value":"Robotaxi service ENDED, GM defunded Dec 2024"},{"label":"Owner","value":"General Motors (with prior Honda investment)"},{"label":"Investment history","value":"Honda committed $2.75B; GM invested billions before defunding"},{"label":"Defining event","value":"SF pedestrian-dragging, Oct 2, 2023"},{"label":"Regulatory outcome","value":"CA DMV/CPUC permit suspension; nationwide driverless halt"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Cruise AV (Chevy Bolt), reached commercial maturity"},{"label":"GM defunding (Dec 2024)","value":"On Dec 10, 2024 GM announced it will no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development, combining Cruise LLC and GM technical teams into a single autonomous/assisted-driving effort (Super Cruise)"},{"label":"GM restructuring savings","value":"GM expects to lower spending by more than US$1B annually after the Cruise restructuring (per Dec 10, 2024 release)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:56:52.861Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-25T00:03:44.334Z"}},"version":null,"location":{"id":"2d4c4f92-048d-40ff-8952-eee55d6a3ca2","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco-ca","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","region":null,"lat":37.7749,"lng":-122.4194,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-07T22:52:02.099Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-10T01:02:15.204Z"},"operator":{"id":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","name":"Cruise","slug":"cruise","description":"Autonomous vehicle company founded 2013, acquired by General Motors in 2016; 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Launched driverless (no safety driver) taxi service in San Francisco (first driverless ride Nov 2021; open to public Feb 2022). Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident and subsequent regulatory fallout, suspended all operations Oct 2023; CEO/co-founder Kyle Vogt resigned Nov 2023. Began returning vehicles to public roads (with human safety drivers) May 2024. In December 2024, GM stopped funding Cruise's robotaxi business, folding the autonomous-driving work into driver-assistance systems for personal GM vehicles. The driverless-robotaxi business is effectively ended.","status":"GM subsidiary (robotaxi ops wound down Dec 2024)","founded":2013,"hq":"San Francisco, California, USA","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","title":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","title":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"},{"url":"https://www.chinatalk.media/p/ponyais-robotaxis-and-the-long-road","label":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","title":"GM axed Cruise funding Dec 2024 after major accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"ChinaTalk","publishedAt":"2025-01-03"},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000119312524274336/d917047dex991.htm","label":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","title":"GM press release (8-K Exhibit 99.1, Dec 10 2024): GM will no longer fund Cruise robotaxi development; combine Cruise + GM technical teams; >US$1B annual spending reduction","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"SEC EDGAR (GM 8-K, Dec 10 2024)","publishedAt":"2024-12-10"},{"url":"https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2018/c181003eng.html","label":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","title":"Honda joins Cruise and GM: US$2.75B total commitment (US$750M equity investment + ~US$2B over 12 years)","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Honda (global.honda newsroom)","publishedAt":"2018-10-03"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/24/cpuc-pulls-cruise-robotaxi-permit-after-dmv-suspension/","title":"CPUC pulls Cruise's robotaxi permit after DMV suspension (Oct 24, 2023)","sourceName":"TechCrunch"},{"url":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llc-suspension/","title":"California DMV statement on the Cruise LLC permit suspension (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"California DMV (official)"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/10/gm-halts-funding-of-robotaxi-development-by-cruise.html","title":"GM exits the robotaxi market; halts funding of Cruise development (Dec 10, 2024)","sourceName":"CNBC"},{"url":"https://calmatters.org/economy/2023/10/driverless-cars-cruise-dmv/","title":"Two state agencies ground Cruise driverless cars for public safety (Oct 2023)","sourceName":"CalMatters"},{"url":"https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/general-motors-shuts-cruise-robotaxi-unit-mary-barra/735205/","title":"GM shuts its Cruise robotaxi unit (Dec 2024)","sourceName":"Smart Cities Dive"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Status","value":"Robotaxi service ENDED, GM defunded Dec 2024"},{"label":"Owner","value":"General Motors (with prior Honda investment)"},{"label":"Investment history","value":"Honda committed $2.75B; GM invested billions before defunding"},{"label":"Defining event","value":"SF pedestrian-dragging, Oct 2, 2023"},{"label":"Regulatory outcome","value":"CA DMV/CPUC permit suspension; nationwide driverless halt"},{"label":"Vehicle","value":"Cruise AV (Chevy Bolt), reached commercial maturity"},{"label":"GM defunding (Dec 2024)","value":"On Dec 10, 2024 GM announced it will no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development, combining Cruise LLC and GM technical teams into a single autonomous/assisted-driving effort (Super Cruise)"},{"label":"GM restructuring savings","value":"GM expects to lower spending by more than US$1B annually after the Cruise restructuring (per Dec 10, 2024 release)"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"atsProvider":null,"atsSlug":null,"factoryLocations":null,"manufacturingCapacity":null,"orgType":null,"burnSignal":null,"litigationEvents":null,"insurancePostureDisclosed":null,"unitEconomicsDisclosed":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:56:52.861Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-25T00:03:44.334Z"},"owner":null,"derived":{"trustTier":"machine","currentPosture":null},"jsonLd":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Event","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/deployments/cruise-sf","url":"https://registry.deploy.report/deployments/cruise-sf","name":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt) at San Francisco","identifier":"8cc5494e-c5c6-401a-b67f-b5fd7338e8af","startDate":"2021-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","location":{"@type":"Place","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/locations/san-francisco-ca","name":"San Francisco"},"organizer":{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/companies/cruise","name":"Cruise"},"about":{"@type":"Product","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/models/cruise-av","name":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt)"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://deploy.report/#organization"}},"framework_metadata":{"framework_schema_version":"0.1.0","verification_status":"verified","maturity_stage":"commercial","lifecycle_state":"discontinued","architectural_position":{"cohort":"av","sub_cohorts":[]},"within_cohort_verified_vs_claimed_pair":null,"cap_flags":[],"verification_depth":{"sources_count":11,"primary_source_types":["knowledge-base","primary-company-ir","primary-regulatory-filing","secondary-established-publication","secondary-industry-publication"]}}}