{"id":"8cc5494e-c5c6-401a-b67f-b5fd7338e8af","modelId":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","versionId":null,"locationId":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","operatorId":null,"ownerId":null,"slug":"cruise-sf","status":"ended","firstSeen":"2021-11-01T00:00:00.000Z","manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — Sept 2021 CA DMV driverless permit, Nov 2021 first ride, Feb 2022 public, Oct 2023 suspension","title":"Cruise — Sept 2021 CA DMV driverless permit, Nov 2021 first ride, Feb 2022 public, Oct 2023 suspension","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — DMV suspended permits; Cruise pulled cars nationwide","title":"CBS — DMV suspended permits; Cruise pulled cars nationwide","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"}],"notes":"Operator: Cruise (GM subsidiary, ran its own service). Cruise operated a driverless (no safety driver) commercial robotaxi service in San Francisco — first driverless ride Nov 2021, open to the public Feb 2022 — under a CPUC driverless deployment permit. The service ENDED after the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident: the California DMV suspended Cruise's driverless permits, the CPUC suspended its testing permit ~3 weeks later, and Cruise pulled all driverless vehicles off the road nationwide. GM stopped funding the robotaxi business in Dec 2024. Status: ended. See linked incident (cruise-sf pedestrian dragging) and regulation (CA permit suspension).","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:37.891Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:48.658Z","model":{"id":"dfa7309e-7258-4202-8902-3b6abf10533c","companyId":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","modelName":"Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt)","slug":"cruise-av","description":"Cruise's driverless robotaxi, based on the Chevrolet Bolt EV, operating without a human safety driver in its SF commercial service. The vehicle involved in the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident was a Chevrolet Bolt-based Cruise AV. (Cruise also developed the purpose-built, steering-wheel-free Origin, which was shelved.) Driverless operations ended following the 2023 incident and GM's Dec 2024 defunding of the robotaxi business.","formFactor":null,"maturityStage":"commercial","specs":{},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","title":"CBS — Chevrolet Bolt autonomous EV dragged pedestrian ~20 feet at ~7 mph","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:37.573Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:47.025Z","company":{"id":"ce8ff680-3fe7-4398-b31b-f85dc3073f3a","name":"Cruise","slug":"cruise","description":"Autonomous vehicle company founded 2013, acquired by General Motors in 2016; operated as a largely autonomous GM subsidiary building driverless robotaxis. Launched driverless (no safety driver) taxi service in San Francisco (first driverless ride Nov 2021; open to public Feb 2022). Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident and subsequent regulatory fallout, suspended all operations Oct 2023; CEO/co-founder Kyle Vogt resigned Nov 2023. Began returning vehicles to public roads (with human safety drivers) May 2024. In December 2024, GM stopped funding Cruise's robotaxi business, folding the autonomous-driving work into driver-assistance systems for personal GM vehicles. The driverless-robotaxi business is effectively ended.","status":null,"founded":null,"hq":null,"fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(autonomous_vehicle)","label":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","title":"Cruise — history, GM acquisition, Oct 2023 suspension, Dec 2024 GM defunding","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"Wikipedia","publishedAt":"2026-01-01"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/nhtsa-robotaxi-cruise-pay-penalty-failing-report-san-francisco-crash-involving-pedestrian/","label":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","title":"CBS — Cruise suspended operations after Oct 2 2023 pedestrian accident","mediaType":"article","sourceName":"CBS News","publishedAt":"2024-11-12"}],"aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:56:52.861Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T12:58:36.654Z"}},"version":null,"location":{"id":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["San Francisco, CA","SF"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.936Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:19.860Z"},"operator":null,"owner":null,"derived":{"trustTier":"unverified","currentPosture":null}}