{"id":"c16967cf-0fcb-4a7e-9877-ff8b2b692166","modelId":"3d6ab7c3-98a8-4e88-b453-3816582a9101","versionId":null,"locationId":"aaf012fa-168b-4846-953c-a3295195aebc","operatorId":null,"ownerId":null,"slug":"refraction-rev-1-north-america","status":"operational","firstSeen":null,"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://rover.report","title":"Rover registry backfill","date_accessed":"2026-06-07"}],"notes":"North American operational deployment. REV-1 operations.","keyFacts":[],"reviewNote":null,"exposureHours":null,"exposureBasis":null,"customerSegment":null,"scaleTier":null,"contractValueUsd":null,"contractValueBasis":null,"customerCompanyId":null,"customerExternalName":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:08:11.628Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:08:11.628Z","model":{"id":"3d6ab7c3-98a8-4e88-b453-3816582a9101","companyId":"00ba3980-5394-4fcb-b672-d90b2a128220","modelName":"REV-1","slug":"refraction-rev-1","description":"Refraction AI (founded 2017 in Ann Arbor, Michigan by University of Michigan professors Matthew Johnson-Roberson and Ram Vasudevan; about $4.2 million seed raised in 2021; now led by CEO Luke Schneider with teams in Ann Arbor and Austin, Texas) makes the REV-1, a distinctive three-wheeled delivery vehicle sized between a sidewalk bot and a car. The REV-1 travels up to 15 miles per hour with about a 280-pound payload and is designed for winter and snow and bicycle-courier-style operation, running primarily in the bike lane or road margin while able to use sidewalks where permitted, a regulatory regime between a sidewalk personal delivery device and a road autonomous vehicle. A critical current-state correction: the dispatch flagged a possible wind-down or acquisition, but Refraction is verified still operating through 2024 to 2026, with the Osage Venture Partners exited label being a venture-portfolio markdown rather than a confirmed acquisition or shutdown, and counter-evidence including a new CEO, an Austin office, Chick-fil-A as a marquee client, and an active 2026 company profile, so it is not tagged discontinued. The registry records it at pilot maturity, since it is a roughly 21-person company with a named client and multi-city presence but no independently verified scale figures. It runs a robots-as-a-service model where customers subscribe to dedicated brand-customizable robots. Any lifetime delivery count, fleet size, revenue, or live-market count is unverified, the claim that the REV-1 is discontinued in favor of a REF-1 is a likely misread of source language describing a second generation of the same design, and the precise nature of the Osage exit is unconfirmed.","formFactor":"sidewalk","maturityStage":"pilot","lifecycleState":"active","supersededByModelId":null,"specs":{"notes":[{"label":"Verified","value":"Refraction AI (founded 2017, Ann Arbor; U-Michigan professor founders) makes the REV-1, a larger sidewalk/bike-lane delivery vehicle. CEO Luke Schneider (since ~2023); ~21 employees; Austin TX product-development office; Chick-fil-A marquee client. RaaS model (customers subscribe to dedicated, brand-customizable robots)."},{"label":"CORRECTION (shutdown REFUTED)","value":"The dispatch flagged a possible wind-down/acquisition. VERIFIED still operating (2024-2026): the Osage Venture Partners 'Exited' label is a VC-portfolio markdown, NOT a confirmed acquisition or shutdown (no acquirer/date/terms). Counter-evidence: new CEO, Austin office, Chick-fil-A, active 2026 profile. Do NOT tag discontinued. maturity=PILOT (lean)."},{"label":"Form-factor / regime note","value":"REV-1 operates PRIMARILY in the bike-lane / road-margin (can use sidewalks where permitted), a distinct regulatory regime between a sidewalk PDD and a road AV. Recorded under form_factor=sidewalk (the low-speed-PDD bucket) with this bike-lane regime noted, rather than creating a single-instance form_factor."},{"label":"Claimed but NOT verified (cap-flag)","value":"Any lifetime delivery count, current fleet size, revenue, or live-market count (none independently verified - a ~21-person company). The search-summary claim that REV-1 is 'discontinued in favor of REF-1' is a likely misread (the source says 'generation 2 of the initial design' = evolution, not discontinuation). The precise nature of the Osage 'exit' is unconfirmed."},{"label":"Source/methodology (Phase 1A, 2026-06-04)","value":"CAP-FLAG: Refraction AI's official site (refraction.ai) is DEFUNCT - all paths return HTTP 404, consistent with the company's exited status (Jan 2026). No live maker-official or operator-official source exists; the primary substrate is an archived Wayback snapshot of the official homepage. The REV-1 record's verified claims rest on secondary press + this archived official artifact."}],"specs":"REV-1: three-wheeled delivery vehicle sized between a sidewalk bot and a car; up to 15 mph, ~80 lb vehicle weight, ~280 lb / 127 kg payload (~16 cu ft, ~4-5 grocery bags), 5-ft stopping distance; designed for winter/snow + bicycle-courier-style operation. Founded 2017, Ann Arbor MI (U-Michigan professors Matthew Johnson-Roberson + Ram Vasudevan); $4.2M seed (2021); CEO Luke Schneider; Ann Arbor + Austin TX.","formFactor":"sidewalk (low-speed delivery PDD; REV-1 operates primarily in the BIKE-LANE / road-margin, a distinct regime between sidewalk bot and car)"},"manufacturerSerial":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.ottomate.news/p/refraction-ais-luke-schneider-is","title":"Refraction AI's Luke Schneider (CEO; still operating; ~21 employees; Chick-fil-A; gen-2 design)","sourceName":"Ottomate"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/refraction-ai-raises-4-2m-for-delivery-robots/","title":"Refraction AI raises $4.2M seed (2021)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://newatlas.com/robotics/rev-1-delivery-robot/","title":"Refraction REV-1: ~15 mph, ~280 lb payload, bike-lane / road-margin operation","sourceName":"New Atlas"},{"url":"https://pulse2.com/refraction-launches-rev-1-michigan/","title":"Refraction founded 2017 by U-Michigan professors Johnson-Roberson + Vasudevan","sourceName":"Pulse2"},{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240128151846/https://refraction.ai/","title":"Refraction AI official homepage (archived snapshot; live site now defunct/404)","sourceName":"Refraction AI (archived, Wayback Machine)"}],"aliases":["Refraction REV-1","REV-1"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"manufacturerTermForTeleop":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-03T21:25:37.017Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-04T19:11:34.063Z","company":{"id":"00ba3980-5394-4fcb-b672-d90b2a128220","name":"Refraction AI","slug":"refraction-ai","description":"Last-mile delivery-robot company (Ann Arbor MI + Austin TX; founded 2017 by U-Michigan professors) of the REV-1 bike-lane/sidewalk delivery vehicle; still operating (CEO Luke Schneider; Chick-fil-A client).","status":"private (still operating; ~21 employees)","founded":2017,"hq":"Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","fundingTotal":null,"type":"both","reviewStatus":"reviewed","sources":[{"url":"https://www.ottomate.news/p/refraction-ais-luke-schneider-is","title":"Refraction AI's Luke Schneider (CEO; still operating; ~21 employees; Chick-fil-A; gen-2 design)","sourceName":"Ottomate"},{"url":"https://www.therobotreport.com/refraction-ai-raises-4-2m-for-delivery-robots/","title":"Refraction AI raises $4.2M seed (2021)","sourceName":"The Robot Report"},{"url":"https://newatlas.com/robotics/rev-1-delivery-robot/","title":"Refraction REV-1: ~15 mph, ~280 lb payload, bike-lane / road-margin operation","sourceName":"New Atlas"},{"url":"https://pulse2.com/refraction-launches-rev-1-michigan/","title":"Refraction founded 2017 by U-Michigan professors Johnson-Roberson + Vasudevan","sourceName":"Pulse2"}],"keyFacts":[{"label":"Product","value":"REV-1 three-wheeled bike-lane/sidewalk delivery vehicle (15 mph, ~280 lb payload); Chick-fil-A client."},{"label":"Status","value":"Still operating (shutdown refuted; Osage 'exit' = portfolio markdown); pilot tier."}],"aliases":["Refraction","REV-1"],"collisionRisk":"low","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-03T21:25:36.253Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-03T21:25:36.253Z"}},"version":null,"location":{"id":"aaf012fa-168b-4846-953c-a3295195aebc","name":"North America","slug":"north-america","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"region":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"unreviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.339Z","updatedAt":"2026-06-08T01:03:25.339Z"},"operator":null,"owner":null,"derived":{"trustTier":"unverified","currentPosture":null},"jsonLd":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Event","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/deployments/refraction-rev-1-north-america","url":"https://registry.deploy.report/deployments/refraction-rev-1-north-america","name":"REV-1 at North America","identifier":"c16967cf-0fcb-4a7e-9877-ff8b2b692166","location":{"@type":"Place","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/locations/north-america","name":"North America"},"organizer":{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/companies/refraction-ai","name":"Refraction AI"},"about":{"@type":"Product","@id":"https://registry.deploy.report/models/refraction-rev-1","name":"REV-1"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://deploy.report/#organization"}},"framework_metadata":{"framework_schema_version":"0.1.0","verification_status":"verified","maturity_stage":"pilot","lifecycle_state":"active","architectural_position":{"cohort":"sidewalk","sub_cohorts":[]},"within_cohort_verified_vs_claimed_pair":null,"cap_flags":[],"verification_depth":{"sources_count":1,"primary_source_types":[]}}}